Core Web Development: CW412 Programming in CSS

Core Web Development
CW412
Programming in CSS
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION TO CSS
2. CSS PROPERTIES
2020
3.
4.
5.
CSS ADVANCE
CSS DESIGN
CSS QUESTIONS
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What is CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
It is a style sheet language which is used to describe the look and formatting of a
document written in markup language.
It provides an additional feature to HTML.
It is generally used with HTML to change the style of web pages and user
interfaces.
It can also be used with any kind of XML documents including plain XML, SVG
and XUL.
CSS is used along with HTML and JavaScript in most websites to create user
interfaces for web applications and user interfaces for many mobile applications.
What does CSS do
•You can add new looks to your old HTML documents.
•You can completely change the look of your website with only a few
changes in CSS code.
Why use CSS
These are the three major benefits of CSS:
1) Solves a big problem

Before CSS, tags like font, color, background style, element alignments, border and
size had to be repeated on every web page.
This was a very long process.
For example: If you are developing a large website where fonts and color information
are added on every single page, it will be become a long and expensive process.
CSS was created to solve this problem.
It was a W3C recommendation.

2) Saves a lot of time
CSS style definitions are saved in external CSS files so it is possible to change the
entire website by changing just one file.
3) Provide more attributes
CSS provides more detailed attributes than plain HTML to define the look and feel of
the website.
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule set contains a selector and a declaration block.

Selector: Selector indicates the HTML element you want to style.
It could be any tag like <h1>, <title>
Declaration Block: The declaration block can contain one or more declarations

separated by a semicolon.
For the above example, there are two declarations:
1.color: yellow;
2.font-size: 11 px;
Each declaration contains a property name and value, separated by a colon.

Property: A Property is a type of attribute of HTML element.
It could be color, border
Value: Values are assigned to CSS properties.
In the above example, value "yellow" is assigned to color property.
1.Selector{Property1: value1; Property2: value2; ..........;}
CSS Selector
CSS selectors are used to select the content you want to style.
Selectors are the part of CSS rule set.
CSS selectors select HTML elements according to its id, class, type, attribute
There are several different types of selectors in CSS.
1.CSS Element Selector
2.CSS Id Selector
3.CSS Class Selector
4.CSS Universal Selector
5.CSS Group Selector

1) CSS Element Selector
The element selector selects the HTML element by name.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.p{
6. text-align: center;
7. color: blue;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
12.<p>This style will be applied on every paragraph.</p>
13.<p id="para1">Me too!</p>
14.<p>And me!</p>
15.</body>
16.</html>
2) CSS Id Selector
The id selector selects the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific

element.
An id is always unique within the page so it is chosen to select a single, unique

element.
It is written with the hash character (#), followed by the id of the element.
Let?s take an example with the id "para1".
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.#para1 {
7. color: blue;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
12.<p id="para1">Hello Javatpoint.com</p>
13.<p>This paragraph will not be affected.</p>
14.</body>
15.</html>
This paragraph will not be affected.

3) CSS Class Selector
The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.
It is used with a period character . (full stop symbol) followed by the class name.
Let's take an example with a class "center".

Let's take an example with a class "center".
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.. </style>
6.</head>
7.<body>
8.<h1 class="center">This heading is blue and center-aligned.</h1>
9.<p class="center">This paragraph is blue and center-aligned.</p>
10.</body>
11.</html>
CSS Class Selector for specific element
If you want to specify that only one specific HTML element should be affected
then you should use the element name with class selector.
Let's see an example.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.p.center {
7. color: blue;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
12.<h1 class="center">This heading is not affected</h1>
13.<p class="center">This paragraph is blue and center-aligned.</p>
14.</body>
15.</html>
This heading is not affected
4) CSS Universal Selector
The universal selector is used as a wildcard character.
It selects all the elements on the pages.

1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.* {
6. color: green;
7. font-size: 20px;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
12.<h2>This is heading</h2>
13.<p>This style will be applied on every paragraph.</p>
14.<p id="para1">Me too!</p>
15.<p>And me!</p>
16.</body>
17.</html>
5) CSS Group Selector
The grouping selector is used to select all the elements with the same style
definitions.
Grouping selector is used to minimize the code.
Commas are used to separate each selector in grouping.
Let's see the CSS code without group selector.

1.h1 {
3. color: blue;
4.}
5.h2 {
7. color: blue;
8.}
9.p {
11. color: blue;
12.}
As you can see, you need to define CSS properties for all the elements.
It can be grouped in following ways

1.h1,h2,p {
3. color: blue;
4.}
Let's see the full example of CSS group selector.

1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.h1, h2, p {
7. color: blue;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
12.<h1>Hello Javatpoint.com</h1>
13.<h2>Hello Javatpoint.com (In smaller font)</h2>
14.<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
15.</body>
16.</html>
How to add CSS
CSS is added to HTML pages to format the document according to information

in the style sheet.
There are three ways to insert CSS in HTML documents.
1.Inline CSS
2.Internal CSS
3.External CSS
1) Inline CSS
Inline CSS is used to apply CSS on a single line or element.
For example:
1.<p style="color:blue">Hello CSS</p>
For more visit here: Inline CSS

2) Internal CSS
Internal CSS is used to apply CSS on a single document or page.
It can affect all the elements of the page.
It is written inside the style tag within head section of html.
For example:
1.<style>
2.p{color:blue}
3.</style>
For more visit here: Internal CSS

3) External CSS
External CSS is used to apply CSS on multiple pages or all pages.
Here, we write all the CSS code in a css file.
Its extension must be .css for example style.css.
For example:
The link tag must be used inside head section of html.
1.p{color:blue}
You need to link this style.css file to your html pages like this:
1.<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
The link tag must be used inside head section of html.

Inline CSS
We can apply CSS in a single element by inline CSS technique.
The inline CSS is also a method to insert style sheets in HTML document.
This method mitigates some advantages of style sheets so it is advised to use this method
sparingly.
If you want to use inline CSS, you should use the style attribute to the relevant tag.
Syntax:
1.<htmltag style="cssproperty1:value; cssproperty2:value;"> </htmltag>
Example
<h2 style="color:red;margin-
left:40px;">Inline CSS is applied on this heading.
</h2>
1.<p>This paragraph is not affected.</p>
Internal CSS
The internal style sheet is used to add a unique style for a single document.
It is defined in <head> section of the HTML page inside the <style> tag.
Example
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6. background-color: linen;
7.}
8.h1 {
9. color: red;
10. margin-left: 80px;
11.}
12.</style>
13.</head>
14.<body>
15.<h1>The internal style sheet is applied on this heading.</
h1>
16.<p>This paragraph will not be affected.</p>
17.</body>
18.</html>
External CSS
The external style sheet is generally used when you want to make changes on
multiple pages.
It is ideal for this condition because it facilitates you to change the look of the entire
web site by changing just one file.
It uses the <link> tag on every pages and the <link> tag should be put inside the head
section.
Example
1.<head>
2.<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
3.</head>
CSS Background
The CSS background property is used to define the background effects
on the element.
There are 3 CSS background properties that affect the HTML

elements:
1.background-color
2.background-image
3.background-repeat
The external style sheet may be written in any text editor but must be saved
with a .css extension.
This file should not contain HTML elements.
Let's take an example of a style sheet file named "mystyle.css".

File: mystyle.css
1.body {
2. background-color: lightblue;
3.}
4.h1 {
5. color: navy;
6. margin-left: 20px;
7.}
You should not use a space between the property value and the unit.
1) CSS background-color
The background-color property is used to specify the background color of the
element.
You can set the background color like this:
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.h2,p{
6. background-color: #b0d4de;
7.}
8.</style>
9.</head>
10.<body>
11.<h2>My first CSS page.</h2>
12.<p>Hello Javatpoint. This is an example of CSS background
-color.</p>
13.</body>
14.</html>
2) CSS background-image
The background-image property is used to set an image as a background of an

element.
By default the image covers the entire element.
You can set the background image for a page like this.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6.background-image: url("paper1.gif");
7.margin-left:100px;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
13.</body>
14.</html>
background-repeat: repeat-x;
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6. background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
7. background-repeat: repeat-x;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
13.</body>
14.</html>
3) CSS background-repeat
By default, the background-image property repeats the background image

horizontally and vertically.
Some images are repeated only horizontally or vertically.
The background looks better if the image repeated horizontally only.

background-repeat: repeat-y;
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6. background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
7. background-repeat: repeat-y;
8.}
9.</style>
10.</head>
11.<body>
13.</body>
14.</html>
4) CSS background-attachment
The background-attachment property is used to specify if the background image is
fixed or scroll with the rest of the page in browser window.
If you set fixed the background image then the image will not move during
scrolling in the browser.
Let?s take an example with fixed background image.
1.background: white url('bbb.gif');
2.background-repeat: no-repeat;
3.background-attachment: fixed;
5) CSS background-position
The background-position property is used to define the initial position of the
background image.
By default, the background image is placed on the top-left of the webpage.

You can set the following positions:
1.Center
2.Top
3.Bottom
4.Left
5.right
1.background: white url('good-morning.jpg');
2.background-repeat: no-repeat;
3.background-attachment: fixed;
4.background-position: center;
CSS Border
The CSS border is a shorthand property used to set the border on an
element.
The CSS border properties are use to specify the style, color and size of the border
of an element.
The CSS border properties are given below

•border-style
•border-color
•border-width
•border-radius
1) CSS border-style
The Border style property is used to specify the border type which you want to
display on the web page.
There are some border style values which are used with border-style property to
define a border.
Value Description
none It doesn't define any border.
dotted It is used to define a dotted border.
dashed It is used to define a dashed border.
solid It is used to define a solid border.
double It defines two borders wIth the same border-
width value.
groove It defines a 3d grooved border. effect is
generated according to border-color value.
ridge It defines a 3d ridged border. effect is
inset It defines a 3d inset border. effect is
outset It defines a 3d outset border. effect is
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.p.none {border-style: none;}
6.p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}
7.p.dashed {border-style: dashed;}
8.p.solid {border-style: solid;}
9.p.double {border-style: double;}
10.p.groove {border-style: groove;}
11.p.ridge {border-style: ridge;}
12.p.inset {border-style: inset;}
13.p.outset {border-style: outset;}
14.p.hidden {border-style: hidden;}
15.</style>
16.</head>
17.<body>
18.<p class="none">No border.</p>
19.<p class="dotted">A dotted border.</p>
20.<p class="dashed">A dashed border.</p>
21.<p class="solid">A solid border.</p>
22.<p class="double">A double border.</p>
23.<p class="groove">A groove border.</p>
24.<p class="ridge">A ridge border.</p>
25.<p class="inset">An inset border.</p>
26.<p class="outset">An outset border.</p>
27.<p class="hidden">A hidden border.</p>
28.</body>
29.</html>
2) CSS border-width
The border-width property is used to set the border's width.
It is set in pixels.
You can also use the one of the three pre-defined values, thin, medium or
thick to set the width of the border.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.p.one {
6. border-style: solid;
7. border-width: 5px;
8.}
9.p.two {
11. border-width: medium;
12.}
13.p.three {
15. border-width: 1px;
16.}
17.</style>
18.</head>
19.<body>
20.<p class="one">Write your text here.</p>
21.<p class="two">Write your text here.</p>
22.<p class="three">Write your text here.</p>
23.</body>
24.</html>
3) CSS border-color
There are three methods to set the color of the border.
•Name: It specifies the color name. For example: "red".
•RGB: It specifies the RGB value of the color. For example: "rgb(255,0,0)".
•Hex: It specifies the hex value of the color. For example: "#ff0000".
There is also a border color named "transparent".
If the border color is not set it is inherited from the color property of the element.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.p.one {
7. border-color: red;
8.}
9.p.two {
11. border-color: #98bf21;
12.}
13.</style>
14.</head>
15.<body>
16.<p class="one">This is a solid red border</p>
17.<p class="two">This is a solid green border</p>
18.</body>
19.</html>
CSS border-radius property
This CSS property sets the rounded borders and provides the rounded corners
around an element, tags, or div.
It defines the radius of the corners of an element.
It is shorthand for border top-left-radius, border-top-right-radius, border-bottom-

right-radius and border-bottom-left-radius.
It gives the rounded shape to the corners of the border of an element.
We can specify the border for all four corners of the box in a single declaration using the
border-radius.
The values of this property can be defined in percentage or length units.

This CSS property includes the properties that are tabulated as follows:
Property Description
border-top-left-radius It is used to set the border-radius
for the top-left corner
border-top-right-radius It is used to set the border-radius

for the top-right corner
border-bottom-right-radius It is used to set the border-radius

for the bottom-right corner
border-bottom-left-radius It is used to set the border-radius

for the bottom-left corner
If the bottom-left value is omitted, then it will be same as the top-right.
If the value of bottom-right is eliminated, then it will be same as the top-left.
Similarly, if top-right is eliminated, then it will be the same as top-left.
Let's see what happens when we provide a single value, two values, three values, and
four values to this property.
•If we provide a single value (such as border-radius: 30px;) to this property, it will
set all corners to the same value.
•When we specify two values (such as border-radius: 20% 10% ;), then the first
value will be used for the top-left and bottom-right corners, and the second value will
be used for the top-right and bottom-left corners.
•When we use three values (such as border-radius: 10% 30% 20%;) then the
first value will be used for the top-left corner, the second value will be applied
on top-right, and bottom-left corners and the third value will be applied to the
bottom-right corner.
•Similarly, when this property has four values (border-radius: 10% 30% 20%
40%;) then the first value will be the radius of top-left, the second value will be
used for the top-right, the third value will be applied on bottom-right, and the
fourth value is used for bottom-left.
Syntax
1.border-radius: 1-4 length | % / 1-4 length | % | inherit | initial;
Property values
CSS Display
CSS display is the most important property of CSS which is used to control the
layout of the element.
It specifies how the element is displayed.
Every element has a default display value according to its nature.
Every element on the webpage is a rectangular box and the CSS property defines the
behavior of that rectangular box.
Other CSS display values
Property-value Description
flex It is used to display an element as an block-level flex
container. It is new in css3.
inline-flex It is used to display an element as an inline-level flex
container. It is new in css3.
inline-table It displays an element as an inline-level table.
list-Item It makes the element behave like a <li> element.
table It makes the element behave like a <table> element.
table-caption It makes the element behave like a <caption> element.
table-column-group It makes the element behave like a <colgroup> element.
table-header-group It makes the element behave like a <thead> element.
table-footer-group It makes the element behave like a <tfoot> element.
table-row-group It makes the element behave like a <tbody> element.
table-cell It makes the element behave like a <td> element.
table-row It makes the element behave like a <tr> element.
table-column It makes the element behave like a <col> element.
Basic styling in Buttons
There are multiple properties available that are used to style the button element.
Let's discuss them one by one.
background-color
As we have discussed earlier, this property is used for setting the background color of the
button element.
Syntax
1.element {
2. // background-color style
3.}
border
It is used to set the border of the button.
It is the shorthand property for border-width, border-color, and border-style.
Syntax
1.element {
2. // border style
3.}
border-radius
It is used to make the rounded corners of the button.
It sets the border radius of the button.
Syntax
1.element {
2. // border-radius property
3.}
box-shadow
As its name implies, it is used to create the shadow of the button box.
It is used to add the shadow to the button. We can also create a shadow during the
hover on the button.
Syntax
1.box-shadow: [horizontal offset] [vertical offset] [blur radius]
2. [optional spread radius] [color];
padding
It is used to set the button padding.
1.element {
2. // padding style
3.}
CSS Float
The CSS float property is a positioning property.
It is used to push an element to the left or right, allowing other element to wrap
around it.
It is generally used with images and layouts.

To understand its purpose and origin, let's take a look to its print display.
In the print display, image is set into the page such that text wraps around it as
needed.
Its web layout is also just similar to print layout.
CSS Float Properties
Property Description Values

clear The clear property is used left, right, both, none,
to avoid elements after inherit
the floating elements
which flow around it.
float It specifies whether the left, right, none, inherit

box should float or not.
CSS Float Property Example
Let's see a simple example to understand the CSS float property.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.img {
6. float: right;
7.}
8.</style>
9.</head>
10.<body>
11.<p>The following paragraph contains an image with style
12.<b>float:right</b>. The result is that the image will float to the right in the paragraph.</p>
13.<img src="good-morning.jpg" alt="Good Morning Friends"/>
14.This is some text. This is some text. This is some text.
27.</p>
28.</body>
29.</html>
CSS Font
CSS Font property is used to control the look of texts.
By the use of CSS font property you can change the text size, color, style and
more.
You have already studied how to make text bold or underlined.
Here, you will also know how to resize your font using percentage.
These are some important font attributes:
1.CSS Font color: This property is used to change the color of the text. (standalone
attribute)
2.CSS Font family: This property is used to change the face of the font.
1.CSS Font style: This property is used to make the font bold, italic or
oblique.
2.CSS Font variant: This property creates a small-caps effect.
3.CSS Font weight: This property is used to increase or decrease the

boldness and lightness of the font.
4.CSS Font size: This property is used to increase or decrease the size
of the font.
5.CSS Font style: This property is used to make the font bold, italic or
oblique.
6.CSS Font variant: This property creates a small-caps effect.
7.CSS Font weight: This property is used to increase or decrease the

boldness and lightness of the font.
In the above example, we have defined all these formats.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6. font-size: 100%;
7.}
8.h1 { color: red; }
9.h2 { color: #9000A1; }
10.p { color:rgb(0, 220, 98); }
11.}
12.</style>
13.</head>
14.<body>
15.<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
16.<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
17.<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
18.</body>
19.</html>
2) CSS Font Family
CSS font family can be divided in two types:
•Generic family: It includes Serif, Sans-serif, and Monospace.
•Font family: It specifies the font family name like Arial, New Times Roman
Serif: Serif fonts include small lines at the end of characters. Example of serif: Times
new roman, Georgia
Sans-serif: A sans-serif font doesn't include the small lines at the end of characters.
Example of Sans-serif: Arial, Verdana
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6.font-size: 100%;
7.}
8.h1 { font-family: sans-serif; }
9.h2 { font-family: serif; }
10.p { font-family: monospace; }
11.}
12.</style>
13.</head>
14.<body>
15.<h1>This heading is shown in sans-serif.</h1>
16.<h2>This heading is shown in serif.</h2>
17.<p>This paragraph is written in monospace.</p>
18.</body>
19.</html>
3) CSS Font Size
CSS font size property is used to change the size of the font.
These are the possible values that can be used to set the font size:
Font Size Value Description
xx-small used to display the extremely small text size.
x-small used to display the extra small text size.
small used to display small text size.
medium used to display medium text size.
large used to display large text size.
x-large used to display extra large text size.
xx-large used to display extremely large text size.
smaller used to display comparatively smaller text size.
larger used to display comparatively larger text size.
size in pixels or % used to set value in percentage or in pixels.

1.<html>
2.<head>
3.<title>Practice CSS font-size property</title>
4.</head>
5.<body>
6.<p style="font-size:xx-small;"> This font size is extremely small.</p>
7.<p style="font-size:x-small;"> This font size is extra small</p>
8.<p style="font-size:small;"> This font size is small</p>
9.<p style="font-size:medium;"> This font size is medium. </p>
10.<p style="font-size:large;"> This font size is large. </p>
11.<p style="font-size:x-large;"> This font size is extra large. </p>
12.<p style="font-size:xx-large;"> This font size is extremely large. </p>
13.<p style="font-size:smaller;"> This font size is smaller. </p>
14.<p style="font-size:larger;"> This font size is larger. </p>
15.<p style="font-size:200%;"> This font size is set on 200%. </p>
16.<p style="font-size:20px;"> This font size is 20 pixels. </p>
17.</body>
18.</html>
4) CSS Font Style
CSS Font style property defines what type of font you want to display.
It may be italic, oblique, or normal.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.body {
6.font-size: 100%;
7.}
8.h2 { font-style: italic; }
9.h3 { font-style: oblique; }
10.h4 { font-style: normal; }
11.}
12.</style>
13.</head>
14.<body>
15.<h2>This heading is shown in italic font.</h2>
16.<h3>This heading is shown in oblique font.</h3>
17.<h4>This heading is shown in normal font.</h4>
18.</body>
19.</html>
5) CSS Font Variant
CSS font variant property specifies how to set font variant of an element.
It may be normal and small-caps.

1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.p { font-variant: small-caps; }
6.h3 { font-variant: normal; }
7.</style>
8.</head>
9.<body>
10.<h3>This heading is shown in normal font.</h3>
11.<p>This paragraph is shown in small font.</p>
12.</body>
13.</html>
6) CSS Font Weight
CSS font weight property defines the weight of the font and specify that how bold
a font is.
The possible values of font weight may be normal, bold, bolder, lighter or number
(100, 200..... upto 900).
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<body>
4.<p style="font-weight:bold;">This font is bold.</p>
5.<p style="font-weight:bolder;">This font is bolder.</p>
6.<p style="font-weight:lighter;">This font is lighter.</p>
7.<p style="font-weight:100;">This font is 100 weight.</p>
16.</body>
17.</html>
CSS Font-size
The font-size property in CSS is used to specify the height and size of the
font.
It affects the size of the text of an element.
Its default value is medium and can be applied to every element.
The values of this property include xx-small, small, x-small
Syntax
1.font-size: medium|large|x-large|xx-large|xx-small|x-small|small|;
The font-size can be relative or absolute.

Absolute-size
It is used to set the text to a definite size.
Using absolute-size, it is not possible to change the size of the text in all browsers.
It is advantageous when we know the physical size of the output.
Relative-size
It is used to set the size of the text relative to its neighboring elements.
With relative-size, it is possible to change the size of the text in browsers.

Font-size with pixels
When we set the size of text with pixels, then it provides us the full control over
the size of the text.
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.
6.#first {
7. font-size: 40px;
8.}
9.#second {
10. font-size: 20px;
11.}
12.</style>
13.</head>
14.<body>
15.
16.<p id="first">This is a paragraph having size 40px.</p>
17.<p id="second">This is another paragraph having size 20px.</p>
18.
19.</body>
20.</html>
Font-size with em
It is used to resize the text.
Most of the developers prefer em instead of pixels.
It is recommended by the world wide web group (W3C).
As stated above, the default text size in browsers is 16px. So, we can say that the
default size of 1em is 16px.
The formula for calculating the size from pixels to em is em = pixels/16.

Example
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<head>
4.<style>
5.#first {
6. font-size: 2.5em; /* 40px/16=2.5em */
7.}
8.
9.#second {
10. font-size: 1.875em; /* 30px/116=1.875em */
11. }
12.
13.#third {
14. font-size: 0.875em; /* 14px/16=0.875em */
15.}
16.</style>
17.</head>
18.<body>
19.
20.<p id='first'>First paragraph.</p>
21.<p id='second'>Second paragraph</p>
22.<p id='third'>Third Paragraph.</p>
23.</body>
24.</html>
Responsive font size
We can set the size of the text by using a vw unit, which stands for the 'viewport
width’.
The viewport is the size of the browser window.
1vw = 1% of viewport width.
If the width of the viewport is 50cm, then the 1vw is equal to 0.5 cm.
Example
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3.<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
4.<body>
5.
6.
7.<p style="font-
size:5vw;">First paragraph having the width of 5vw.</p>
8.<p style="font-
size:10vw;">Second paragraph having the width of 10vw.</p>
9.
10.</body>
11.</html>
Font-size with the length property
It is used to set the size of the font in length.
The length can be in cm, px, pt, etc. Negative values of length property are not
allowed in font-size.
Syntax
1.font-size: length;
Example
1.<!DOCTYPE html>
2.<html>
3. <head>
4. <style>
5. .length {
6. color:red;
7. font-size: 5cm;
8. }
9. </style>
10. </head>
11.
12. <body>
13. <h1>font-size property</h1>
14.
15. <p class = "length">A paragraph having length 5cm.</
p>
16. </body>
17.</html>
Thank You
2022 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

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CSS tutorial or CSS 3 tutorial provides basic and

Our CSS tutorial is developed for beginners and

It provides an additional feature to HTML.

•You can add new looks to your old HTML documents.

1) Solves a big problem

This was a very long process.

CSS was created to solve this problem.

It was a W3C recommendation.

3) Provide more attributes

A CSS rule set contains a selector and a declaration block.

It could be any tag like <h1>, <title>

Declaration Block: The declaration block can contain one or more declarations

For the above example, there are two declarations:

Each declaration contains a property name and value, separated by a colon.

It could be color, border

Value: Values are assigned to CSS properties.

In the above example, value "yellow" is assigned to color property.

CSS selectors are used to select the content you want to style.

Selectors are the part of CSS rule set.

1.CSS Element Selector

3.CSS Class Selector

4.CSS Universal Selector

5.CSS Group Selector

The id selector selects the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific

An id is always unique within the page so it is chosen to select a single, unique

This paragraph will not be affected.

Let's take an example with a class "center".

It selects all the elements on the pages.

Grouping selector is used to minimize the code.

Commas are used to separate each selector in grouping.

Let's see the CSS code without group selector.

It can be grouped in following ways

Let's see the full example of CSS group selector.

CSS is added to HTML pages to format the document according to information

There are three ways to insert CSS in HTML documents.

Inline CSS is used to apply CSS on a single line or element.

For more visit here: Inline CSS

It can affect all the elements of the page.

It is written inside the style tag within head section of html.

For more visit here: Internal CSS

Here, we write all the CSS code in a css file.

Its extension must be .css for example style.css.

The link tag must be used inside head section of html.

There are 3 CSS background properties that affect the HTML

This file should not contain HTML elements.

Let's take an example of a style sheet file named "mystyle.css".

The background-image property is used to set an image as a background of an

By default the image covers the entire element.

By default, the background-image property repeats the background image

Some images are repeated only horizontally or vertically.

The background looks better if the image repeated horizontally only.

Let?s take an example with fixed background image.

By default, the background image is placed on the top-left of the webpage.

The CSS border properties are given below

•Name: It specifies the color name. For example: "red".

There is also a border color named "transparent".

It defines the radius of the corners of an element.