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IP Security

IPSec provides authentication, confidentiality, and key management for IP packets. It uses Authentication Headers (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payloads (ESP) to authenticate and encrypt packets. AH provides data integrity and authentication while ESP provides confidentiality and can also provide authentication. Oakley is used for key exchange while ISAKMP establishes and manages security associations and keys.

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Bruno Blay
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115 views22 pages

IP Security

IPSec provides authentication, confidentiality, and key management for IP packets. It uses Authentication Headers (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payloads (ESP) to authenticate and encrypt packets. AH provides data integrity and authentication while ESP provides confidentiality and can also provide authentication. Oakley is used for key exchange while ISAKMP establishes and manages security associations and keys.

Uploaded by

Bruno Blay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cryptography and

Network Security
Chapter 16
Fourth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown


IP Security
 have a range of application specific
security mechanisms
 eg. S/MIME, PGP, Kerberos, SSL/HTTPS
 however there are security concerns that
cut across protocol layers
 would like security implemented by the
network for all applications
IPSec
 general IP Security mechanisms
 provides
 authentication
 confidentiality
 key management
 applicable to use over LANs, across public
& private WANs, & for the Internet
IPSec Uses
Benefits of IPSec
 in a firewall/router provides strong security
to all traffic crossing the perimeter
 in a firewall/router is resistant to bypass
 is below transport layer, hence transparent
to applications
 can be transparent to end users
 can provide security for individual users
 secures routing architecture
IP Security Architecture
 specification is quite complex
 defined in numerous RFC’s
 incl. RFC 2401/2402/2406/2408
 many others, grouped by category
 mandatory in IPv6, optional in IPv4
 have two security header extensions:
 Authentication Header (AH)
 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
IPSec Services
 Access control
 Connectionless integrity
 Data origin authentication
 Rejection of replayed packets
 a form of partial sequence integrity
 Confidentiality (encryption)
 Limited traffic flow confidentiality
Security Associations
 a one-way relationship between sender &
receiver that affords security for traffic flow
 defined by 3 parameters:
 Security Parameters Index (SPI)
 IP Destination Address
 Security Protocol Identifier
 has a number of other parameters
 seq no, AH & EH info, lifetime etc
 have a database of Security Associations
Authentication Header (AH)
 provides support for data integrity &
authentication of IP packets
 end system/router can authenticate user/app
 prevents address spoofing attacks by tracking
sequence numbers
 based on use of a MAC
 HMAC-MD5-96 or HMAC-SHA-1-96
 parties must share a secret key
Authentication Header
Transport & Tunnel Modes
Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP)
 provides message content confidentiality &
limited traffic flow confidentiality
 can optionally provide the same authentication
services as AH
 supports range of ciphers, modes, padding
 incl. DES, Triple-DES, RC5, IDEA, CAST etc
 CBC & other modes
 padding needed to fill blocksize, fields, for traffic flow
Encapsulating Security
Payload
Transport vs Tunnel Mode
ESP
 transport mode is used to encrypt &
optionally authenticate IP data
 data protected but header left in clear
 can do traffic analysis but is efficient
 good for ESP host to host traffic
 tunnel mode encrypts entire IP packet
 add new header for next hop
 good for VPNs, gateway to gateway security
Combining Security
Associations
 SA’s can implement either AH or ESP
 to implement both need to combine SA’s
 form a security association bundle
 may terminate at different or same endpoints
 combined by
• transport adjacency
• iterated tunneling
 issue of authentication & encryption order
Combining Security
Associations
Key Management
 handles key generation & distribution
 typically need 2 pairs of keys
 2 per direction for AH & ESP
 manual key management
 sysadmin manually configures every system
 automated key management
 automated system for on demand creation of
keys for SA’s in large systems
 has Oakley & ISAKMP elements
Oakley
 a key exchange protocol
 based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange
 adds features to address weaknesses
 cookies, groups (global params), nonces, DH
key exchange with authentication
 can use arithmetic in prime fields or elliptic
curve fields
ISAKMP
 Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol
 provides framework for key management
 defines procedures and packet formats to
establish, negotiate, modify, & delete SAs
 independent of key exchange protocol,
encryption alg, & authentication method
ISAKMP
ISAKMP Payloads &
Exchanges
 have a number of ISAKMP payload types:
 Security, Proposal, Transform, Key,
Identification, Certificate, Certificate, Hash,
Signature, Nonce, Notification, Delete
 ISAKMP has framework for 5 types of
message exchanges:
 base, identity protection, authentication only,
aggressive, informational
Summary
 have considered:
 IPSec security framework
 AH
 ESP
 key management & Oakley/ISAKMP

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