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IoT 4211 - Sensor Fundamentals

This a sensor fundamentals slide for those students who are interested into IOT and Sensor Technology. Comment or mail me to get more and more, I will upload them in SCRIBD. Thank you.

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Abdul Momin
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20 views10 pages

IoT 4211 - Sensor Fundamentals

This a sensor fundamentals slide for those students who are interested into IOT and Sensor Technology. Comment or mail me to get more and more, I will upload them in SCRIBD. Thank you.

Uploaded by

Abdul Momin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dept.

of Internet of Things and Robotics Engineering

IOT 4211: SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE-1: SENSOR FUNDAMENTALS

Dr. Shugata Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering
University of Dhaka
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Email: [email protected]
LECTURE CONTENTS

 Definition of sensor, transducer, and actuator


 Historical evolution of sensors
 Classification of sensors

2
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS IN A CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEM

 Correction element: Produces change in the process


to change or correct the controlled condition.

 Correction element that provide power to carry out


the control action is known as actuator. Example: A
motor that rotates the drum of an automatic washing
machine.

 Measurement element/ Sensor: Produces a signal


related to the variable condition of the process and
provides feedback to the controller.
A microcontroller based closed-loop control system (Saha, 2013)

Saha, S. S. (2013). Basic principles of control systems in textile manufacturing. In Process Control in Textile Manufacturing (pp. 14-40).
Woodhead Publishing.

3
SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
 A transducer transforms energy from one form to another.
 Example of a transducer: Electric motor that converts
electrical energy to mechanical.
 A sensor produces a signal relating to the quantity being
measured.
 It can be analog or digital.
 Example of a sensor: Electrical resistance temperature
Architecture of an Integrated Sensor (Corrêa Alegria, 2021)
element where quantity being measured is temperature and
sensor transforms temperature input into change in
resistance.
 A sensor may need one or more transducers for signal
conversion.
 Signal conditioning such as A/D conversion, filtering,
amplification, etc. are required for sensors.
 In an integrated sensor, signal conditioning elements are
embedded.
Corrêa Alegria, F. A. Sensors and Actuators. World Scientific Pub Co 4
SMART/ INTELLIGENT SENSORS

 Smart sensors can be integrated into a


sensor network.
 Ability to be addressed, to store
information, to compress, and to encrypt
the data to be transmitted, among
others.
 Capable of performing validation of the Typical composition of a smart sensor capable of being integrated
acquired data. into a wireless network. (Corrêa Alegria, 2021)

Corrêa Alegria, F. A. Sensors and Actuators. World Scientific Pub Co 5


HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF SENSORS

Mourtzis, D., Angelopoulos, J., & Panopoulos, N. (2022). Operator 5.0: A survey on enabling technologies and a framework for
digital manufacturing based on extended reality. Journal of Machine Engineering, 22. 6
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
 Regarding the energy source:

i. Modulating/ parametric sensors: Work by changing a given


parameter of an electrical circuit, such as resistance, capacitance,
or inductance. The circuit receives power from a battery or a
signal generator. Example: strain gauge that changes resistance
with deformation. A Wheatstone bridge needs to be connected
with the strain gauge that is powered by a constant voltage
source. Different types of sensors according to their power source
(Corrêa Alegria, 2021)
ii. Self generating sensors: Produces an electrical signal without
the need to be connected to a power supply. Example: a
thermocouple that extracts thermal energy and produces a
voltage signal. Corrêa Alegria, F. A. Sensors and Actuators. World Scientific Pub Co 7
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

 Regarding the signal conditioning:

i. Passive sensors: Self-generator but output signals are typically weak and often require amplification. Examples:
electrodynamic microphones, thermocouples, photodiodes, and piezoelectric sensors.

ii. Active sensors: Modulating and allow signal gain from input to output. Example: Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT) sensor, strain gauges, and temperature sensors.

8
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

 Regarding the reference value:

i. Absolute sensors: responsive to a quantity relative to an absolute scale which is independent of the measurement
conditions. Example: thermistor is an example of an absolute sensor since the absolute value of its electrical resistance
depends directly on the Kelvin temperature scale.

ii. Relative sensors: produces a signal which is proportional to the difference between the value of the measured quantity
and a reference value used for that quantity. A thermocouple is an example of a relative temperature sensor since the value
of the output voltage depends on the temperature difference between two points.

9
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

 Regarding complexity:

i. Simple sensors: Use a single energy transformation. Example: thermistor.

ii. Complex sensors: Uses more than one transformation of energy. Example: optical fiber based displacement sensor where
electrical energy is converted to photon by a LED and the light is focused to the object through optical fiber. The light
reflected by the object enters a second optical fiber that directs it to a photodiode which in turn produces an electrical
current proportional to the displacement. therefore, conversion of electrical energy into photons (by the LED) and photons
into electrical energy (by the photodiode).

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