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Data Variables

This document discusses key concepts in statistics including data, variables, population and sample. It defines statistics as methods for collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. Descriptive statistics summarize data while inferential statistics make inferences about populations from samples. Variables can be qualitative like eye color or quantitative like height. Data is collected through observation of variables and can come from primary or secondary sources. Scales of measurement include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

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Sreemoyee Roy
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15 views

Data Variables

This document discusses key concepts in statistics including data, variables, population and sample. It defines statistics as methods for collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. Descriptive statistics summarize data while inferential statistics make inferences about populations from samples. Variables can be qualitative like eye color or quantitative like height. Data is collected through observation of variables and can come from primary or secondary sources. Scales of measurement include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

Uploaded by

Sreemoyee Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data &

Variables

Afrin Sadia Rumana


Lecturer in Statistics
Bangladesh University of Professionals
1
Statistics
Statistics is a field of study concerned
with scientific methods of collecting,
organizing, summarizing, presenting and
analyzing data as well as drawing valid
conclusions & making reasonable
decision on the basis of such analysis.

2
Scope of Statistics
 Business (Insurance, Profit, Quality
Control)
 Economics
 Social science
 Psychology
 Computer science
 Medicine
 Epidemiology
 Environmental studies
 Geography
3
Classification
On the basis of the approaches of statistics and their
purposes the main two types of statistics:
1.Descriptive statistics : consists of methods for
organizing and summarizing information.
2.Inferential statistics : consists of method of
drawing and measuring the reliability of
conclusions about a population based on
information obtained from a sample of the
population.

4
Limitation of Statistics

Statistics does not deal with individual


measurement.

Statistical results are true on


average.

Statistics can be misused.


5
Population & Sample

Population is the collection of all


individuals or items under consideration
in a statistical study.

Sample is that representative part of the


population from which information is
collected.
6
Parameter & Statistic

Parameter is a descriptive measure for a


population. eg. Mean µ
Statistic is a descriptive measure for a
sample.
Error : The difference between parameter
and statistic is called error.

7
Variables
 A characteristic that varies from one person or thing
to another is called a variable.
Ex: height, eye color etc.
There are mainly two types of variables:
1. Qualitative : A non-numerically valued
variable is called a qualitative variable or
categorical variable. Ex: eye color.
2. Quantitative : A numerically valued variable is
called a quantitative variable. Ex: height.
8
Quantitative variable can be classified in two
ways:
i. A quantitative variable whose possible
values form a finite (or countably infinite)
set of numbers is called a discrete variable.
Ex: number of siblings.

ii. A quantitative variable whose possible


values form some interval of numbers is
called a continuous variable. Ex:
weight. 9
Data
Information obtained by observing values
of a variable is data.

Data is also classified as:


Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
Discrete Data
Continuous Data
1
10
0
Data can also be classified as:

1.Primary : The data which has been collected and


recorded directly from an inquiry or investigation is
called primary data. Ex: Data on households.

2.Secondary : When data are taken from the


primary data, then they are called secondary data.
Ex: Data from research publication.

11
Scales of Measurement
Measurement is a process of assigning numbers
to some characteristics or variables or events
according to scientific rules.
Measurement Scales
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio
12
1. Nominal : The measurement scale, in which
numbers are assigned to the categories or
variable values for identification only, is called a
nominal scale. Ex: Name, Hair Color, Blood
group.
2. Ordinal : The measurement scale, in which
numbers are assigned to the categories or variable
values for identification as well as ranking, is
called an ordinal scale. Ex: Socio- economic
status , letter grade.
13
3. Interval : The measurement scale, in which numbers
are assigned to the variable values in such a way that
the level of measurement is broken down on a scale
of equal units and the zero value on the scale is not
absolutely zeros is called an interval scale.
Ex: Temperature.

4. Ratio : The measurement scale, in which numbers are


assigned to the variable values in such a way that the
level of measurement is broken down on a scale of equal
units and the zero value on the scale is absolutely zero is
called a ratio scale. Ex: Age.

14
Good
Luck !!!

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