REDA RAFI

Data Engineer
SQL
 Une base de données est :

• Un conteneur pour aider à organiser les données

• Un moyen de stocker et de récupérer efficacement des

données

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 SQL is the language you use to
ask the questions.

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 TABLE NAME:
CONTACTS

First Name Last Name Email

Jon Flanders [email protected]

Fritz Onion null

What are all my contacts that have a

last name that starts with F?

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 SQL est un langage déclaratif puissant que vous
Résumé pouvez appréhender en comprenant quelques
concepts de base
 Understanding Basic SQL Syntax

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 FROM CLAUSE
SELECT CLAUSE

SELECT first_name FROM person

{
{
{
{
;

KEYWORD KEYWORD

IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER

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BASIC SQL COMMANDS

id first_name last_name
1 Jon Flanders
SELECT

Retrieves one or more rows from one or more tables

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM contacts;

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BASIC SQL COMMANDS

id first_name last_name
1 Jon Flanders

INSERT 2 Fritz Onion

Adds one or more rows into a table

INSERT INTO contacts (first_name, last_name)

VALUES (‘Fritz’,’Onion’);

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BASIC SQL COMMANDS

id first_name last_name
1 Jon Flanders

UPDATE

Modifies one or more rows in a table

UPDATE contacts SET last_name = ‘Ahern’ WHERE id = 1;

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BASIC SQL COMMANDS

id first_name last_name
1 Jon Flanders

2 Fritz Onion

DELETE

Removes one or more rows from one table

DELETE FROM contacts where id = 2;

More on these commands in later modules!

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 • I’LL BE USING MYSQL

• ANSI SQL ONLY

• SQL Keywords will be in upper-case

Course
• Table names will be singular
Housekeeping
• Column names will never be repeated
 VOUS POUVEZ CONSIDÉRER
UNE INSTRUCTION SELECT
COMME UNE QUESTION QUE
VOUS POSEZ À LA BASE DE
DONNÉES.

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 EXEMPLES DE QUESTION

Who are all my

Who are all How many
contacts with a
my contacts do I
first name of
contacts? have?
Jon?

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 Querying Data with the SELECT Statement

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 A SIMPLE QUERY WITH SELECT

SELECT CLAUSE

SELECT ‘Hello’,‘World’

{
;

SELECT LIST

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 • MOST OF THE TIME IT CONTAINS A LIST OF
COLUMNS
• FROM A TABLE YOU WANT TO QUERY.

The SELECT List • Then, a FROM clause is required.

• After every column comes a comma.

• Except: no comma after the last column.

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 SELECT <COLUMN_NAME>, <COLUMN_NAME> FROM<TABLE_NAME> ;

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM person ;

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* This wildcard "SELECT list"
character
pulls all the columns from a table

BAD
PRACTICE!
 Defines the table you want
FROM CLAUSE
to query

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QUALIFYING COLUMN NAME WITH TABLE NAME

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM person ;

SELECT person.first_name, person.last_name FROM person ;

Good Practice

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 ALIASING THE TABLE NAME

SELECT person.first_name, person.last_name FROM person ;

SELECT p.first_name, p.last_name FROM person p ;

Best Practice

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WAYS TO CONSTRAIN THE NUMBER OF RESULTS

WHERE CLAUSE DISTINCT Qualifier

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 NOT DISTINCT

first_name
Jon

Jon

Fritz
What are the first names of all the people
I know?
Shannon

Jason

Jason

Brian
SELECT p.first_name FROM person p ;
Brian

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 DISTINCT

first_name
Jon

Fritz

Shannon
What are all unique first names of the
people I know?
Jason

Brian

SELECT DISTINCT (p.first_name) FROM person p ;

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 • QUERY DATA WITH THE SELECT COMMAND

• THE SELECT LIST DEFINES THE COLUMNS

Summar THE FROM CLAUSE DEFINES THE TABLE
y

DISTINCT constrains results to unique values

 Filtering Results with the WHERE Clause

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 • Constrains the result set

• Comes after the FROM clause

WHERE • Contains boolean expressions

• Only matching rows are in the result set
 SELECT CLAUSE
What is the last name of all the

FROM CLAUSE people I know whose first name

is Jon?

WHERE CLAUSE
SELECT p.last_name
FROM person p ;
WHERE p.first_name
= ‘Jon’

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 BOOLEAN OPERATORS
Operator

= Equals True if values on both sides are equal

<> Not Equal TO True if value on both sides are not equal

> Greater Than True if left side is larger than right side

< Less Than True if left side is smaller than right side

>= Greater or Equal True if left side is larger or equal to right

<= Less Than or Equal True if left side is smaller or equal to right

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 • WE’D LIKE TO ASK MORE COMPLEX QUESTIONS
A • ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS ARE NEEDED
Single
Expression is These can chain multiple
expressions
Quite
Limiting

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 COMBINES TWO
EXPRESSIONS
AND IF BOTH ARE TRUE, ROW IS
INCLUDED IF EITHER IS
FALSE, ROW IS EXCLUDED

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 SELECT CLAUSE Who are all the people in my
contact list that have the first name

FROM CLAUSE Jon and have a birthday later than

1965?

SELECT p.first_name,
p.last_name
FROM person p
WHERE p.first_name = ‘Jon’
AND p.birthdate > WHERE CLAUSE
’12/31/1965’; AND
 ALSO COMBINES TWO
EXPRESSIONS
OR
IF EITHER ARE TRUE, ROW IS
INCLUDED IF BOTH ARE
FALSE, ROW IS EXCLUDED

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 Who are all the people in my
contact list that have the first name
Jon or a last name of Flanders?

SELECT SELECT
P.FIRST_NAME, CLAUSE FROM
CLAUSE
P.LAST_NAME
FROM PERSON P
WHERE p.first_name = WHERE
‘Jon’ OR p.last_name = CLAUSE OR
‘Flanders’;
 OTHER OPERATORS

BETWEEN LIKE IN

IS IS NOT

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 ACTS ON COLUMN AND TWO
VALUES
TRUE IF COLUMN VALUE IS
BETWEEN BETWEEN TWO VALUES
INCLUSIVE – INCLUDES TWO
VALUES (LIKE >= & <=)

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 Who are all the people in my contact
list that I have contacted at least
once but no more than 20 times?

SELECT SELECT
CLAUSE
P.FIRST_NAME,
P.LAST_NAME
FROM PERSON P FROM CLAUSE

WHERE p.contacted WHERE

BETWEEN 1 AND CLAUSE
20; BETWEEN
 A MORE FUZZY
VERSION OF =
LIKE String with special characters inside
If the match is true, the row is returned

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 Who are all the people in my
contact list that have a first name
that begins with the letter J?

SELECT SELECT CLAUSE

P.FIRST_NAME,
P.LAST_NAME
FROM CLAUSE
FROM PERSON P
WHERE p.first_name WHERE
LIKE ‘J%’; CLAUSE LIKE
 LIKE A MULTI-VALUE =
OPERATOR
IN LIST OF POTENTIAL VALUES

True if any of the values in the list “hit”

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SELECT CLAUSE
Who are all the people in my
contact list that are named Jon or
Fritz?

FROM CLAUSE

SELECT p.first_name,
p.last_name
FROM person p
WHERE p.first_name WHERE
IN (‘Jon’,’Fritz’); CLAUSE IN
 SPECIAL
OPERATOR
IS Like a equals operator
But just for values that might be NULL

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 Who are all the people in my
contact list that don’t have a last
SELECT CLAUSE name?

FROM CLAUSE

SELECT p.first_name,
p.last_name
FROM person p

WHERE p.last_name WHERE

IS NULL; CLAUSE IS
 ALSO JUST FOR
NULL
IS NOT Like a “NOT EQUALS” operator

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 Who are all the people in my
contact list that have a last name?
SELECT CLAUSE
FROM CLAUSE

SELECT p.first_name,
p.last_name
FROM person p
WHERE
WHERE p.last_name
CLAUSE IS
IS NOT NULL;
NOT
 The WHERE clause enables us to
restrict the result set of our queries
Summar
The more complex the question we
y want to ask, the more complex the
WHERE clause becomes
 Shaping Results with ORDER BY and GROUP BY

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 Sometimes you want the result set
to be different than the data
returned by a simple SELECT
statement.

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 ALLOWS SORTING OF RESULT SET
After the WHERE clause (if there is one)

ORDER BY Specify one or more columns

Separate columns by commas ASC
(default) or DESC

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 Who are all the people in my
contact list, ordered by last name?

SELECT
P.LAST_NAME, SELECT CLAUSE
P.FIRST_NAME
FROM PERSON P FROM CLAUSE
ORDER BY
ORDER BY p.last_name;
CLAUSE

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 • COMPUTES NEW VALUES FROM COLUMN
VALUES
• USE IN PLACE OF COLUMNS IN SELECT
Set Function CLAUSE PASSES COLUMN NAME TO
FUNCTION
• HELPS US TO ASK MORE INTERESTING
QUESTIONS OFTEN USED WITH THE
DISTINCT QUALIFIER

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 SET FUNCTIONS
Function

COUNT Count of the column specified (includes NULL values if * is

used)

MAX Maximum value of the column (does not include NULL

values)

MIN Minimum value of the column (does not include NULL

values)

Average of all values of the column (does not include

AVG NULL values, only numeric column)

SUM Sum of all the values of the column (does not include
NULL values, only numeric column)

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 What is the total number of times I’ve
contacted my contacts?

SELECT SELECT CLAUSE WITH THE

SUM( P.CONTACTED_NUMBER) SUM SET FUNCTION
FROM PERSON P;

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 SET Often used together
FUNCTIONS Add inside of the function
+ QUALIFIERS Run against DISTINCT column
values

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 What is the count of unique first names
among my contacts?

SELECT CLAUSE WITH THE

SELECT COUNT SET FUNCTION +
COUNT(DISTINCT DISTINCT QUALIFIER

P.FIRST_NAME) FROM
PERSON P;

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 ALLOWS MULTIPLE COLUMNS WITH A
SET FUNCTION
BREAKS RESULT SET INTO SUBSETS
Runs set function against each subset

GROUP BY Result set returns 1 row per subset

Subset is dictated by column in GROUP BY Column

must appear in the SELECT LIST Appears after
FROM and/or WHERE Clauses

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 What is the count of every
unique first name among my
contacts?

SELECT SELECT CLAUSE WITH

COUNT(P.FIRST_NAME), THE COUNT SET
P.FIRST_NAME FUNCTION

FROM person p GROUP BY COLUMN in

GROUP BY p.first_name; SELECT LIST
GROUP BY CLAUSE
 WORKS LIKE WHERE WORKS
AGAINST SELECT
HAVING RESTRICTS THE RESULT SET

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 What is the count of unique
first names among my
contacts that appear at least 5
times?

SELECT SELECT CLAUSE WITH

THE COUNT SET
COUNT(DISTINCT FUNCTION
P.FIRST_NAME), GROUP BY COLUMN in
SELECT LIST
P.FIRST_NAME
FROM person p
HAVING CLAUSE
GROUP BY p.first_name
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT
p.first_name) >= 5;
 ANSWERING MORE COMPLEX QUESTIONS
REQUIRES MORE COMPLEX QUERIES
Summar ORDER BY TO SORT RESULT SETS SET
y FUNCTIONS TO ROLL-UP OR SLICE
GROUP BY TO CREATE SUBSETS
HAVING TO RESTRICT GROUP BY

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 Matching Different Data Tables with JOINs

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 Merges multiple tables into one result set

FROM clause includes all tables Separates each

THE JOIN table with a comma WHERE clause typically

CLAUSE included Expression with columns from each
table There are different types of JOINs

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 SIMPLEST
JOIN
All rows from both tables

No WHERE clause
CROSS JOIN Least useful
Inefficient Cartesian
Product
CROSS keyword
implied

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 What are all the first names and
email addresses I have?

SELECT P.FIRST_NAME, SELECT CLAUSE

E.EMAIL_ADDRESS
FROM
person p,
email_address e; FROM CLAUSE
WITH MULTIPLE
TABLES

BAD
PRACTICE!

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 MOST TYPICAL JOIN
EMPHASIZES RELATIONAL
NATURE OF DATABASE MATCHES
INNER JOIN
COLUMN IN FIRST TABLE TO
SECOND PRIMARY KEY TO
FOREIGN KEY IS MOST COMMON

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SELECT
P.FIRST_NAME, P.LAST_NAME, What are my contacts’
E.EMAIL_ADDRESS email addresses?

FROM person p
INNER JOIN INNER JOIN
email_address e
ON ON CLAUSE
p.person_id =
e.email_address_person_id;

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 INNER JOIN DOESN’T DEAL WITH
NULL VALUES
OUTER JOIN WORKS EVEN
WHEN NO MATCH NULL
OUTER JOIN COLUMNS IF NO MATCH IN
SECOND TABLE FULL OUTER
JOIN RETURNS ALL JOINED
ROWS NULL WHEN NO MATCH
IN EITHER TABLE
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 ANOTHER NULL-RELATED JOIN
ALL ROWS FROM THE LEFT SIDE
LEFT OUTER JOIN WILL BE RETURNED NULL FOR
NON-MATCHING RIGHT SIDE
TABLE

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SELECT
P.FIRST_NAME, P.LAST_NAME, What are my contacts and their
E.EMAIL_ADDRESS email addresses, including those I
don’t have an email for?

FROM person p
LEFT OUTER JOIN LEFT OUTER
JOIN
email_address e
ON p.person_id =
e.email_address_ first_name last_name email_address
person_id; Jon Flanders jon@...
Fritz Onion fritz@...

Shannon Ahern NULL

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 OPPOSITE OF LEFT OUTER JOIN
ALL ROWS FROM THE RIGHT SIDE
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
WILL BE RETURNED NULL FOR
NON-MATCHING LEFT SIDE TABLE

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SELECT
P.FIRST_NAME, P.LAST_NAME, W hat are the email addresses I
have, including those emails I don’t
E.EMAIL_ADDRESS have a person for?

FROM person p
RIGHT OUTER JOIN RIGHT OUTER
email_address e JOIN
ON first_name last_name email_address
p.person_id = Jon Flanders jon@...
e.email_address_person_id; Fritz Onion fritz@...

NULL NULL aaron@...

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SELECT What are all my contacts and their email
addresses, including the ones missing an
P.FIRST_NAME, P.LAST_NAME, email address and the ones with an email
address but missing a contact name?
E.EMAIL_ADDRESS

FROM person p
FULL OUTER JOIN FULL OUTER
email_address e JOIN
ON p.person_id = first_name last_name email_address
e.email_address_ Jon Flanders jon@...
person_id; Fritz Onion fritz@...

Shannon Ahern NULL

NULL NULL aaron@...

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 YOU CAN JOIN A TABLE ON
ITSELF
ODD BUT
SOMETIMES USEFUL
NO SPECIAL
SYNTAX
SELF JOIN
SAME TABLE ON LEFT AND RIGHT
SIDE OF JOIN USEFUL WHEN
TABLE CONTAINS HIERARCHICAL
DATA

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 YOU CAN JOIN A TABLE ON
ITSELF
ODD BUT
SOMETIMES USEFUL
NO SPECIAL
SYNTAX
SELF JOIN
SAME TABLE ON LEFT AND RIGHT
SIDE OF JOIN USEFUL WHEN
TABLE CONTAINS HIERARCHICAL
DATA

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Summary JOINS make the relational model come to life
by associating tables together
 Adding, Changing, and Removing Data

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 So far, all we’ve done is
query data, but SQL has
commands for adding
and modifying data as
well.

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 ALL THE COMMANDS – AKA CRUD

SELECT (i.e. read) INSERT (i.e. create)

UPDATE DELETE

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 COMMAND IS ACTUALLY INSERT
INTO
TABLE NAME AFTER COMMAND
Only one table allowed

List of columns in parens VALUES

INSERT
keyword

List of values in parens

Values and columns must be equal

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INSERT INTO INSERT
person( INTO TABLE

person_id, first_name,
last_name, contacted_number, COLUMN NAMES
date_last_contacted,
date_added
)
VALUES( VALUES KEYWORD

1,‘Jon’,‘Flanders',0, VALUES
NULL,'2016-05-14 11:43:31'
);
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 INSERT ALLOWS ONLY ONE TABLE AND COLUMN LIST

INSERT MULTIPLE ROWS WITH ONE STATEMENT

EITHER MULTIPLE VALUES LISTS OR

BULK INSERT
SELECT statement following table name
INSERT INTO INSERT
person ( INTO TABLE

person_id, first_name,
COLUMN NAMES
last_name, contacted_number,
date_last_contacted,
date_added)

VALUES VALUES KEYWORD

(1, ‘Jon’,‘Flanders’, 0,NULL, MULTIPLE VALUES

'2016-05-14 11:43:31’), LIST (COMMA
SEPARATED)
(2,‘Shannon’,‘Ahern’, 0,NULL,
'2016-05-14 11:43:31');
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INSERT INTO INSERT
person p INTO TABLE
SELECT
* FROM old_person op
WHERE op.person_id > 300; SELECT STATEMENT

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 MODIFIES COLUMN(S) IN A
SINGLE TABLE
UPDATE WHERE CLAUSE DICTATES WHICH
ROWS SET KEYWORD FOLLOWS
TABLE NAME

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 UPDATE UPDATE
email_address e COMMAND TABLE
SET NAME
e.email_address = SET KEYWORD
‘[email protected]’
VALUES
WHERE
e.email_address_id WHERE CLAUSE
= 5;

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 DELETES ONE OR MORE ROWS IN A
TABLE
DELETE PERMANENT!
DELETE FROM IS ACTUAL FULL
COMMAND WHERE CLAUSE IS CRITICAL!

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 DELETE FROM PERSON DELETE COMMAND
P;
BAD
PRACTICE!

DELETE FROM person p DELETE

WHERE
COMMAND WHERE
p.id = 5;
CLAUSE
Good
Practice

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 INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE are the
SUMMARY
three SQL commands you want to learn if you
are going to be modifying data in your
database tables

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 Creating Database Tables

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 SQL subset for creating databases and tables
DATADEFINITION Most tools have a visual method
LANGUAGE (DDL)
Good to have an idea of what they are doing

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 ODDLY NOT PART OF THE SQL
STANDARD
CREATE Is supported by most implementations
USE DATABASE to scope future queries
DATABASE Can also fully qualify table name to database

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 CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE Contact; COMMAND

USE DATABASE Contact; USE DATABASE COMMAND

SELECT * FROM person p; ALL QUERIES WILL BE IN
THIS DATABASE

SELECT * FROM FULLY QUALIFIED

Contact.person p; TABLE NAME

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 IS PART OF SQL STANDARD

CREATE FOLLOWED BY TABLE NAME

TABLE Then list of column definitions
At minimum column name and type

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 CREATE
CREATE TABLE TABLE TABLE
email_address NAME
(
email_address_id
INTEGER,
email_address_pe
COLUMNS
rson_id
INTEGER,
email_address
VARCHAR(55)
);

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 STANDARD SQL DATA TYPES
Data Type Value Space
CHARACTER Can hold N character values – set to N statically
Can hold N character values – set to N dynamically –
CHARACTER VARYING
storage can be less than N
BINARY Hexadecimal data
SMALLINT -2^15 (-32,768) to 2^15-1 (32,767)
INTEGER -2^31 (-2,147,483,648) to 2^31-1 (2,147,483,647)
-2^63 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808) to
BIGINT
2^63-1 (9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
BOOLEAN TRUE or FALSE
DATE YEAR, MONTH, and DAY in the format YYYY-MM-DD
HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND in the format
TIME
HH:MM:SS[.sF] where F is the fractional part of the
TIMESTAMP Both DATE and TIME
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 NULL IS A SPECIAL VALUE
IN SQL
INDICATES A LACK OF A
VALUE
NULL VALUES Columns can be required or not required

Required is NOT NULL

Not required is NULL

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 NULL OR NOT
NULL

NULL NOT NULL

Default for a column Must be specified on column

definition Inserting definition Inserting NULL value is an

NULL value ok error

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 CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE COMMAND
email_address
(
email_address_id
INTEGER NOT NULL, NOT
email_address_per NULL
son_id INTEGER, NULL
email_address
VARCHAR(55) NOT NULL); NOT NULL

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 Must be a unique value per row

PRIMARY KEY Must be NOT NULL

Can be a multiple columns (compound key)
 CREATE
CREATE TABLE TABLE TABLE
email_address NAME
(
email_address_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, PRIMARY KEY
email_address_person_id INTEGER, COLUMNS
email_address VARCHAR(55) NOT NULL
);

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 WAY TO ADD KEYS IN
ONE GROUPING
CONSTRAINT
PRIMARY OR FOREIGN
KEYS

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 CREATE TABLE phone_number
(
phone_number_id INTEGER
CREATE TABLE phone_number
NOT NULL, CREATE TABLE
(
phone_number_person_id COMMAND
phone_number_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
INTEGER NOT NULL, INTEGER NOT
phone_number_person_id
phone_number
NULL, CONSTRAINT
VARCHAR(55)
phone_number NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(55) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT PK_phone_number PRIMARY
CONSTRAINT
KEY
PK_phone_number
(phone_number_id)
); PRIMARY KEY
(phone_number_i
d)
);
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 USED TO CHANGE AN EXISTING
TABLE
ADD/REMOVE COLUMN
CHANGE COLUMN DATA TYPE
ALTER TABLE CHANGE COLUMN
CONSTRAINTS

MUST COMPORT WITH CURRENT

DATA

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 ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE
email_address TABLE NAME
ADD CONSTRAINT ADD KEYWORD
FK_email_address_person
FOREIGN KEY FOREIGN KEY
(email_address_person_id)
REFERENCES
person
(person_id);

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 REMOVES TABLE AND ALL DATA FROM DATABASE

BE CAREFUL!
DROP TABLE
Error if table is a foreign key to another
table
 DROP TABLE person; DROP TABLE COMMAND

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 UNDERSTANDING DDL IS A GOOD
FOUNDATION FOR WORKING
WITH SQL, EVEN IF YOU USE IT
RARELY
CREATE TABLE is the command to
Summary configure your columns and relations
ALTER TABLE lets you change
existing definitions
DROP TABLE removes the table and all
its rows from the database

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