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Lecture 2

The document discusses different types of signals including multichannel and multidimensional signals, continuous and discrete signals, deterministic and random signals. It also covers topics like periodic and non-periodic signals, sampling of analog signals, digital signals, quantization, and peak and peak-to-peak voltage.

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22 views

Lecture 2

The document discusses different types of signals including multichannel and multidimensional signals, continuous and discrete signals, deterministic and random signals. It also covers topics like periodic and non-periodic signals, sampling of analog signals, digital signals, quantization, and peak and peak-to-peak voltage.

Uploaded by

Labib Bin Roll no.07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Lecture-2: Classification of Signals

 Multichannel and Multidimensional signals


 Continuous-time versus Discrete-time signals
 Deterministic versus Random signals
Multichannel and Multidimensional signals

 Multichannel Signals:
 Signals which are generated by multiple sources or multiple sensors are called multichannel signals.
 These signals are represented by vector
S(t) = [(S1(t) S2(t) S3 (t)]
Above signal represents a 3-channel signal.
 Multidimensional signals:
 A signal is called multidimensional signal if it is a function of M independent variables.
 For example : Speech signal is a one dimensional signal because amplitude of signal depends upon
single independent variable, namely, time.
Continuous Signals

 Defined for every values of time.


 Take on values in the continuous interval ( a, b)
where, a can be -∞ and b can be ∞
 Function of a continuous variable
 Example: x (t) = sinπt
Periodic & Non-Periodic Signal

 Periodic Signal: A signal which completes a pattern within a measurable


time frame, called a period and repeats that pattern over identical subsequent
periods.
 The completion of a full pattern is called a cycle. A period is defined as the
amount of time (expressed in seconds) required to complete one full cycle. The
duration of a period represented by T.
 Also called deterministic signal.
Non-Periodic Signal

 Does not repeats its pattern over a period


 Can not represented by any mathematical equations
 Values can not be determined with certainty at any given point of time.
 Also called random signal.
Discrete Signal

 Defined only at discrete instants of time.


 A discrete-time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as,
X(n) = --------------(1)
where, n = Integer variable, A= Amplitude,

= Frequency in radians/sample, = Phase in radian.

So the equation (1) becomes,


X(n) =,
Sampling of Analog Signal

 Sampling: Conversion of a continuous- time signal into a discrete-time signal obtained


by taking “samples” of the continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants.
 Now,
X(n) =
= Here, T= Sampling Interval= 1/Fs for sample
=
=
Where, F= Fundamental Frequency= cycles/s
Fs= Sampling Frequency= samples/s
f= Normalized frequency= cycles/ samples
Digital Signal

 Quantization: Conversion of a discrete-time continuous-valued signal into a discrete-time,


discrete-valued (Digital) signal.

5.6 7.2 8.3 9.6


6 7 8 10  sampling, quantized value
5.6-6= -0.4 7.2-7= 0.2 8.3-8= 0.3 9.6-10= -0.4

Quantization Error Quantization Error


 6 7 8 10

0110 0111 1000 1010

-
=-
=
so, f
Or, F/Fs
Or, Fs
FNyquist Rate/ Sampling Theorem
Peak and Peak to Peak Voltage

1. 10 volt Peak
2. 20 volt peak to peak

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