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Basics of Operating System

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23 views

Basics of Operating System

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pooja0100
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: Introduction

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a


computer and the computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer System Structure

 Computer system can be divided into four components:


 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Four Components of a Computer System

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What Operating Systems Do

 Depends on the point of view


 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition

 OS is a resource allocator
 Manages all resources
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition (Cont.)

 No universally accepted definition


 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating
system” is a good approximation
 But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the
kernel.
 Everything else is either
 a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
 an application program.

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer Startup

 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot


 Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer System Organization

 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Storage-Device Hierarchy

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Structure
 Multiprogramming (Batch system) needed for efficiency
 Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
 Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to
execute
 A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
 One job selected and run via job scheduling
 When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

 Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs


so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating
interactive computing
 Response time should be < 1 second
 Each user has at least one program executing in memory process
 If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling
 If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
 Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013

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