Satellite Communication

PRESENT BY
ARAVIND KRISHNAN N
GUNAALAN P.G
DEEP R SHAH
What is a Satelite :
A satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Satellites have a
variety of uses, including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation (GPS),
broadcasting, scientific research, and Earth observation. Additional military uses are
reconnaissance, early warning, signals intelligence and, potentially, weapon delivery. Other
satellites include the final rocket stages that placed satellites in orbit and formerly useful
satellites that are now defunct

A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object.

Working Principle :
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to
use conventional repeater

 The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication

 One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link frequency is the
frequency at which Ground Station is communicating with Satellite

The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station.
This frequency is called a Downlink frequency
ADVANTAGE OF SATELLITES :
The advantage of satellite communication over terrestrial communication area:

 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.

 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the centre of the coverage
area.’

 Satellite to satellite communication is very precise.

 Higher bandwidth are available for use.

DISADVANTAGES OF SATELLITES
OF SATELLITES
The disadvantages of satellite communication :

 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.

 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.

 There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial

communication.
GEOSYNCHRONOUS EARTH ORBIT(GEO)

 GEO satellites are synchronous with respect to earth . They appear to be stationary when viewed
from earth.
 The orbit of these satellites is circular . Lifetime expectancy of these satellites is 15 years.
Three conditions which leads to geostationary satellites:
1.The satellite should be placed approximated to 36,000 km above the surface of the
earth.
2.These satellites must travel with the same speed of the earth and in the direction
of motion of earth.
3.The inclination of satellite with respect to earth must be 0 deg.
GEO(cont..)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1.It gives a large coverage area. 1.Satellites distance causes weak signal and a
time delay in the signal,which is a drawback
2.GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a
for point to point communication.
particular area.
2.Satellites are centered above the equator
3.These satellites are used for TV and radio
therefore they have difficulty on broadcasting
broadcast,weather forecast,telephone networks
etc.. signals near polar regions.
Application of GEO :
Most communications satellites today are geostationary satellites. Various application specific areas of
geostationary satellites are discussed below –

 Television broadcasting.

 Regional, national and international global communications.

 Telephone and data circuits

 Mobile telephone services
Block Diagram of Satellite Communication
Earth Station :
 An earth station is a collection of equipment installed on the earth's surface that enables communications
over one or more satellites.

 Ground stations may be located either on the surface of the Earth, or in its atmosphere.[1] Earth stations
communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio waves in the super high frequency (SHF)
or extremely high frequency (EHF) bands (e.g. microwaves). When a ground station successfully transmits
radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), it establishes a telecommunications link.
Uplink :

 Pertaining to radiocommunication service, an uplink (UL or U/L) is the portion of a feeder link used for
the transmission of signals from an earth station to a space radio station, space radio system or 
high altitude platform station.

 Pertaining to GSM and cellular networks, the radio uplink is the transmission path from the 
mobile station (cell phone) to a base station (cell site). Traffic and signalling flowing within the BSS
 and NSS may also be identified as uplink and downlink.

 Pertaining to computer networks, an uplink is a connection from data communications equipment toward

the network core. This is also known as an upstream connection.
Downlink :
 Pertaining to radiocommunication service, a downlink (DL or D/L) is the portion of a feeder link used for
the transmission of signals from a space radio station, space radio system or high altitude platform station
 to an earth station.

 In the context of satellite communications, a downlink (DL) is the link from a satellite to a ground station.

 Pertaining to cellular networks, the radio downlink is the transmission path from a cell site to the 
cell phone. Traffic and signalling flowing within the base station subsystem (BSS) and 
network switching subsystem (NSS) may also be identified as uplink and downlink.

 Pertaining to computer networks, a downlink is a connection from data communications equipment

towards data terminal equipment. This is also known as a downstream connection.
Application of Satellite Communication :
 Earth observation applications such as map making, oceanography, Ice reconnaissance, monitoring oil
pollution, oil and mineral exploration, agriculture and forestry.

 Weather forecasting such as cloud status, temperature, humidity, thunder storms, typhoons etc.

 Scientific studies such as studies of planets and stars, sky survey etc.

 Military applications such as command and communication, navigation, early warning, metrological
functions, nuclear detection etc.

 Direct broadcast satellites for television and mobile communication.