Chapter 10 - States of Matter

Kinetic-Molecular Theory
• BIG IDEA: Particles are always in motion
• Five assumptions for gases:

1)Gases are composed of tiny particles that are
far apart compared to their size
2) Collisions between gas particles are elastic

Kinetic-Molecular Theory
(cont.)
3)Gas particles are in constant, random
motion and therefore possess kinetic energy.
4)There are no intermolecular forces between

gas particles
5) Temperature depends on average kinetic

energy of particles.
Gases
• For an IDEAL gas (assumptions of KMT hold
true):
• Expand to take the shape of container
• Fluid motion
• Low density
• Compressible
• Diffusion and effusion
Liquids
• Liquids are made of tiny particles that are
in constant motion. Particles flow over
one another.
– Take the shape of the container
• There are intermolecular forces between

particles which limit the range of motion so
that the liquid maintains a fixed volume.
• Mass & velocity determine the KE of each
particle. KE = 1 mv2
2
Diffusion in liquids
• Particles are in constant random motion
• This movement causes particles to move

until “equilibrium” is reached
– Particles leave an area at the same rate they
enter
Surface Tension
• Particles are attracted to each other, so a
force pulls each particle towards each
other particle
• The particles on the top layer do not have a

force pulling “up”
• Result is a downward force

Solids
• Solids are made of tiny particles that are in
constant motion. Particles vibrate in fixed
locations.
• There are significant intermolecular forces
between particles, strong enough to hold
particles close together.
• Mass & velocity determine the KE of each
particle. KE = 1 mv2
2
Crystalline Solids
• Since solids are held together tightly, they
have an organized 3-D structure called a
lattice.
• The way they are bonded together

determine chemical properties
• Alternative are amorphous solids, which

have no definitive shape and can be
molded.
4 Types of Crystalline Solids
• Ionic Crystals –
– Positive and negative ions attached in a
regular pattern. Only mono or polyatomic ions
– High melting points and brittle
• Covalent Crystals –
– Covalently bonded molecules held together by
intermolecular forces
– Soft and low melting points
4 Types of Crystalline Solids
• Covalent network Crystals–
– Each atom is covalently bonded to the atoms
surrounding it.
– Repeating pattern that creates a very large
molecule
– Very hard and brittle with high melting points
• Metallic Crystals –
– Metals cations surrounded by a sea of
electrons.
– Creates a high conductivity
States of Matter
All matter is made of tiny little
particles called “atoms”
Solid Liquid Gas
Matter that has Matter that has a Matter that
definite shape fixed volume and takes both the
and volume takes the shape of shape and
its container. volume of its
Particles close container.
together. Particles less
Vibrate in tightly packed. Particles far
place. Flow apart. Flow &
bounce.
Basically Basically
incompressible incompressible Compressible
Homework
• pg 353:
– #1-8
Liquid
Solid Gas
A change in state is a physical change.
(Boiling, condensing, melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition)

What happens during a phase
change?
• As heat is added to the system, the energy
of the molecules increases.
– As the energy increases, the velocity of the

molecules increases.
• At some point, the molecules have enough velocity

to overcome the intermolecular forces and move
around.
Energy of phase changes
• In order to change phases, energy has to

either be absorbed or released.
– Energy being absorbed by the system is
endothermic
– Energy being released by the system is
exothermic
Endothermic Phase Changes
• Melting
• Vaporization
• Sublimation
Exothermic Phase Changes

• Freezing
• Condensation
• Deposition
• Two specific terms are used:
• ΔHf – enthalpy of fusion
– Amount of energy required to melt one
mole of a solid
• ΔHv – enthalpy of vaporization

– Amount of energy required to vaporize one
mole of a liquid
• Phase changes occur when the phases are
in equilibrium and have the same pressure
as the surroundings.
Phase Diagram (H2O)
Phase Diagram (H2O)
At 2atm and 30oC, is H2O a solid, liquid, or gas?
At 218atm and 0.0oC, is H2O a solid, liquid, or gas?
At 0atm and 90oC, is H2O a solid, liquid, or gas?

Phase Diagram (H2O)
What type of phase change occurs when water at

1.50 atm and 60 oC cools down to -20oC?
What type of phase change occurs when water

vapor at 0 atm and 60 oC is pressurized to 1 atm?
What is the temperature at which liquid water

changes to vapor at a pressure of 218 atm?
Units of pressure
Atmosphere (atm)
Kilopascal (kPa)
Torr (torr)
Millimeter of mercury (mm Hg)
Pounds per square inch (psi)
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 14.7 psi

2.3 atm = _____ kPa
125 torr = _____ atm

Phase Diagram (H2O)
Phase Diagram (CO2)
H2O CO2
Properties of Water
• Water is one of the few substances that
has a liquid phase that is more dense than
the solid phase
At standard temperature and pressure:

(0 ⁰C) (1 atm)
• Enthalpy of vaporization = 40.79 kJ/mol
• Enthalpy of fusion = 6.009 kJ/mol
• What is the energy change when 47.0 g of
ice melts at standard temperature and
pressure (STP)?
• What is the energy change when that

same amount of water boils at STP?
• Is energy absorbed or released?
• Is the phase change exothermic or

endothermic?
Homework
• Pg 354
– #28 - 32

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Kinetic-Molecular Theory

• BIG IDEA: Particles are always in motion

• Five assumptions for gases:

2) Collisions between gas particles are elastic

4)There are no intermolecular forces between

5) Temperature depends on average kinetic

• There are intermolecular forces between

• This movement causes particles to move

• The particles on the top layer do not have a

• Result is a downward force

• The way they are bonded together

• Alternative are amorphous solids, which

A change in state is a physical change.

(Boiling, condensing, melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition)

– As the energy increases, the velocity of the

• At some point, the molecules have enough velocity

• In order to change phases, energy has to

Exothermic Phase Changes

• ΔHv – enthalpy of vaporization

At 2atm and 30oC, is H2O a solid, liquid, or gas?

At 218atm and 0.0oC, is H2O a solid, liquid, or gas?

At 0atm and 90oC, is H2O a solid, liquid, or gas?

What type of phase change occurs when water at

What type of phase change occurs when water

What is the temperature at which liquid water

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 14.7 psi

125 torr = _____ atm

At standard temperature and pressure:

• What is the energy change when that

• Is energy absorbed or released?

• Is the phase change exothermic or

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