Sub Queries

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, the participant will be able to
do the following:

• Describe the types of problem that sub queries can solve

• Define sub queries
• List the types of sub queries
• Write single-row and multiple-row sub queries

Page 2
HexaVarsity
Using a Sub query to Solve a Problem
Who has Salary greater than Lanson’s
salary?

Main Query

Which employees have salaries greater

than Lanson’s salary?

Sub Query

What is Lanson’s salary?

Page 3
HexaVarsity
Sub query
• The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main
query.
• The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer
query).

Syntax:

SELECT select_list
FROM table
WHERE expr operator (SELECT select_list FROM table);

Example:
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(SELECT salaryFROM employees WHERE
last_name = ‘Abel’) ;
Page 4
HexaVarsity
Guidelines

• Enclose sub queries in parentheses.

• Place sub queries on the right side of the comparison

condition.

• The ORDER BY clause in the sub query is not needed unless

you are performing Top-N analysis.

• Use single-row operators with single-row sub queries and

use multiple-row operators with multiple-row sub queries.

Page 5
HexaVarsity
Types of Sub queries

Single-row subqueries:
Queries that return only one row from the inner
SELECT statement
Main query

Subquery returns Admin

Multiple-row subqueries:
Queries that return more than one row from the inner
SELECT statement
Main query

Subquery returns Admin

Finance
Page 6
HexaVarsity
Single Row Sub query

• Returns onle one row

• Use single row comparision operators
• sub queries and use multiple-row operators with multiple-
row sub queries.
= , > , >= ,
< , <= , <>

Page 7
HexaVarsity
Single Row Sub query
Example 1:

SELECT last_name, job_id

FROM employees
WHERE job_id =(SELECT job_id FROM employees
WHERE employee_id= 141);

Example 2:

SELECT last_name, job_id, salar

FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary > (SELECT salary FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143);
Page 8
HexaVarsity
Group Functions in a Sub query

Example:

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary

FROM employees
WHERE salary =(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees);

Page 9
HexaVarsity
The HAVING Clause with Subqueries

Example:

SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)

FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50);

Page 10
HexaVarsity
Multiple-Row Subqueries

• Return more than one row

• Use multiple-row comparison operators:

IN : Equal to any member in the list

ANY : Compare value to each value returned by the
subquery
ALL : Compare value to every value returned by the
subquery

Page 11
HexaVarsity
Multiple-Row Subqueries-IN Operator

Example:
SELECT last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary IN (2500, 4200, 4400, 6000, 7000, 8300, 8600, 17000);
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);

Page 12
HexaVarsity
Multiple-Row Subqueries-ANY Operator

Example:
SELECT employee_id,
last_name,job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY
(SELECT salary (9000,6000,4200)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ’IT_PROG’)
AND job_id <> ’IT_PROG’;

<ANY means less than the maximum.

>ANY means more than the minimum.

Page 13
HexaVarsity
Multiple-Row Subqueries-ALL Operator

Example:
SELECT employee_id, last_name,
job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <ALL(SELECT salary (9000,6000,4200)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ’IT_PROG’)
AND job_id <> ’IT_PROG’;

<ALL means less than the minimum.

>ALL means more than the maximum

Page 14
HexaVarsity
Set Operators
Objectives

After completing this module, the participant will be able to

do the following:

• Describe SET operators

• Use a SET operator to combine multiple queries into a single
query
• Control the order of rows returned

Page 16
HexaVarsity
Set Operators
UNION UNION ALL

INTERSECT MINUS
Page 17
HexaVarsity
Union Operator
The UNION operator returns results from both queries after
eliminating duplications.

Example:
SELECT employee_id, job_id
FROM employees
UNION
SELECT employee_id, job_id
FROM job_history;

Page 18
HexaVarsity
Union Operator
The UNION operator returns results from both queries after
eliminating duplications.

• The number of columns and the datatypes of the columns being

selected must be identical in all the SELECT statements used in
the query.
• The names of the columns need not be identical.
• By default, the output is sorted in ascending order of the first
column of the SELECT clause.

Page 19
HexaVarsity
UNION ALL operator
The UNION ALL operator returns results from
both queries, including all duplications.

Example:

SELECT employee_id, job_id, department_id

FROM employees
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id, job_id, department_id
FROM job_history
ORDER BY employee_id;

Page 20
HexaVarsity
The INTERSECT Operator
Use the INTERSECT operator to return all rows common to
multiple queries.

Example:

SELECT employee_id, job_id

FROM employees
INTERSECT
SELECT employee_id, job_id
FROM job_history;

Page 21
HexaVarsity
The MINUS Operator
Use the MINUS operator to return rows returned by the first
query that are not present in the second query (the first
SELECT statement MINUS the second SELECT statement)

Example:

SELECT employee_id,job_id
FROM employees
MINUS
SELECT employee_id,job_id
FROM job_history;

Page 22
HexaVarsity
The Oracle Server and SET Operators

• Duplicate rows are automatically eliminated except in

UNION ALL.
• Column names from the first query appear in the result.
• The output is sorted in ascending order by default except in
UNION ALL.

Page 23
HexaVarsity
Matching the SELECT Statements
Example 1:

SELECT department_id, TO_NUMBER(null) location, hire_date

FROM employees
UNION
SELECT department_id, location_id, TO_DATE(null)
FROM departments;

Example 2:

SELECT employee_id, job_id,salary

FROM employees
UNION
SELECT employee_id, job_id,0
FROM job_history;
Page 24
HexaVarsity
Thank You