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Lesson 12 Analysis of Functions II Relative Extrema and Graphing Polynomials

The document discusses analyzing functions through: 1) Finding critical points using the first derivative test and determining relative extrema; 2) Using the second derivative test to determine concavity and relative extrema at stationary points; 3) Applying these tests to examples of polynomial functions to find critical points, relative extrema, points of inflection, and sketch the graphs.

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117 views

Lesson 12 Analysis of Functions II Relative Extrema and Graphing Polynomials

The document discusses analyzing functions through: 1) Finding critical points using the first derivative test and determining relative extrema; 2) Using the second derivative test to determine concavity and relative extrema at stationary points; 3) Applying these tests to examples of polynomial functions to find critical points, relative extrema, points of inflection, and sketch the graphs.

Uploaded by

Jeux
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 12

Analysis of Functions II:


Relative Extrema;
Graphing Polynomials
OBJECTIVES:
•to define maximum, minimum, inflection, stationary
and critical points, relative maximum and relative
minimum;
•to determine the critical, maximum and minimum points
of any given curve using the first and second derivative
tests;
•to draw the curve using the first and second derivative
tests; and
•to describe the behavior of any given graph in terms of
concavity and relative extrema
EXAMPLE :

1 4 4 3
y  x  x  x2  4 x  1
3 2 3
2 has a relative minima at x  1 and x  2
1 and a relative maximum at x  1
-1
x
-3 1 2 3

-3
The points x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5 are critical points. Of these, x1,
x2, and x5 are stationary points.
Figure 4.2.3 illustrates that a relative extremum can also occur
at a point where a function is not differentiable.
In general, we define a critical point for a function f to be a
point in the domain of f at which either the graph of f has a
horizontal tangent line or f is not differentiable (line is
vertical).to distinguish between the two types of critical points
we call x a stationary point of f if f’(x)=0.

Thus we have the following theorem:


FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

Theorem 4.2.2 asserts that the relative extrema must


occur at critical points, but it does not say that a relative
extremum occurs at every critical point.

A function has a relative extremum at those critical


points where f’ changes sign.
The above theorem simply say that for a continuous function, relative
extrema occur at critical points where the derivative changes from (+)
to (–) and relative minima where it changes from (–) to (+).
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

There is another test for relative extrema that is based on the


following geometric observation:

• a function f has a relative maximum at stationary point if


the graph of f is concave down on an open interval
containing that point

•a function f has a relative minimum at stationary point if


the graph of f is concave up on an open interval containing
that point
Note: The second derivative test is applicable only to stationary
points where the 2nd derivative exists.
Examples:
1. The figure shows the graph of the function f x   x 3  3 x 2 . 1Use the 1 st
and 2nd derivatives of f to determine the intervals on which f is increasing,
decreasing, concave up and concave down. Locate all inflection points and confirm
that your conclusions are consistent with the graph.
y

2 SOLUTION :

1 f ' x   3 x 2  6 x  3 xx  2 
x f ' ' x   6 x  6  6 x  1
-1  2 3

-3
INTERVAL (3x)(x-2) f’(x) CONCLUSION
x<0 (-)(-) + f is increasing on
0<x<2 (+)(-) - f is decreasing on
x>2 (+)(+) + f is increasing on

INTERVAL (6)(x-1) f’’(x) CONCLUSION


x<1 (-) - f is concave down on
x>1 (+) + f is concave up on

The 2nd table shows that there is a point of inflection at x=1,


since f changes from concave up to concave down at that point.
The point of inflection is (1,-1).
2. Analyze and trace the curve of f x   3x 5  5 x 3 .

SOLUTION :

 
f ' x   15x 4 - 15x 2  15x 2 x 2  1  15x 2 x  1x  1
when f ' x   0  15x 2 x  1x  1  0
15x 2  0; x  1  0 ; x  1  0
x  0; x  -1; x 1

 
f ' ' x   60x 3 - 30x  30x 2x 2  1
INTERVAL f’(x) Conclusion
x<-1 (+)(-)(-) +
x=-1 y=2 f has a relative maximum
-1<x<0 (+)(+)(-) -
x=0 y=0 f has neither a relative max nor min
0<x<1 (+)(+)(-) -
x=1 y=-2 f has a relative minimum
x>1 (+)(+)(+) +

STATIONARY 2nd DERIVATIVE TEST


POINTS f’’
x=-1 -30 - f has a relative maximum
x=0 0 0 inconclusive
x=1 30 + f has a relative minimum
y

 2

x
-1 1 2

-2 
3. Analyze and trace the curve of y  3x  x 3

SOLUTION :
y  3x  x 3 y' '  6 x
y'  3  3 x 2 6x  0
 
3 1 - x 2  31  x 1  x   0 x0
1  x   0 and 1  x   0
x  -1 and x 1
INTERVAL f(x) f’(x) f”(x) Conclusion

x<-1 (+)(-)(+)= - + f is decreasing; concave upward


x=-1 -2 0 + f has a relative minimum
-1<x<0 (+)(+)(+)= + + f is increasing; concave upward
x=0 0 3 0 f has a point of inflection
0<x<1 (+)(+)(+)= + - f is increasing; concave downward
x=1 2 0 - f is has a relative maximum
x>1 (+)(+)(-)= - - f is decreasing; concave downward
y

2 
y  3x  3x 3
1

x
-2 -1 1 2

 -2
4x
3. Analyze and trace the curve of y 
4  x2
4x
y
4  x2

y' 
4  x 2 4   4 x2 x 
4  x 2 2
16  4 x 2  8 x 2 16  4 x 2
y'  
4  x 2 2
4  x 2 2
4 4  x 2  4 2  x 2  x 
y'   0
4  x 
2 2
4  x 
2 2

2  x   0 and 2  x   0
x  -2 and x2
y' ' 
4  x  8 x    4 x  16 2 4  x 2 x 
2 2 2

4  x  2 4

4  x   8 x   4 x4  x  4 x  16   0
2 2 2 2

- 4x4  x 24  x    4 x  16   0
2 2 2

- 4x4  x 8  2 x  4 x  16   0
2 2 2

- 4x4  x  2 x  24   0
2 2

8 x4  x x  12   0
2 2

x  0 and x  2 3
INTERVAL Conclusion
f x  f ' x  f ' ' x 

x  2 3 - - f is decreasing; concave downward


3
x  2 3  -0.125 0 f has a point of inflection
2
 2 3  x  2 - + f is decreasing; concave upward

x= -2 -1 0 0.25 f has a relative minimum

-2<x<0 + + f is increasing; concave upward

x=0 0 1 0 f has a point of inflection

0<x<2 + - f is increasing; concave downward

x=2 1 0 -0.25 f is has a relative maximum

2x2 3 - - f is decreasing; concave downward


3
x2 3 -0.125 0 f has a point of inflection
2
x2 3 - + f is decreasing; concave upward
y 4x
y
4  x2

1  
`
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-2

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