SQL

Server
2012

Data Management Using

Microsoft SQL Server

Session: 7

Session: 1 Creating Tables

Introduction to the Web

 SQL
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2012
Objectives

● List SQL Server 2012 data types

● Describe the procedure to create, modify, and drop tables in
an SQL Server database
● Describe the procedure to add, modify, and drop columns in a
table

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Different Kinds of Data Types
 SQL Server 2012 supports three kinds of data types:

System data types

• are provided by SQL Server 2012.

Alias data types

• are based on the system-supplied data types.
• are used when more than one table stores the same type of data in a
column and has similar characteristics such as length, nullability, and
type.

User-defined types
• are created using programming languages supported by the .NET
Framework, which is a software framework developed by Microsoft.

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System data types 1-3

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System data types 2-3

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System data types 3-3

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Alias data type

 Alias data types can be created using the CREATE TYPE statement.

Syntax
:
CREATE TYPE[ schema_name.] type_name{FROM base_type[(
precision[,scale])][NULL|NOT NULL]}[;]

 For example

CREATE TYPE usertype FROM varchar(20) NOT NULL

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Creating Tables

Syntax
:

CREATE TABLE [database_name. [schema_name].| schema_name.]table_name

([<column_name>] [data_type] Null/Not Null,)
ON [filegroup | “default”]

where,
table_name: is the name of the new table, maximum of 128 characters.
column_name: is the name of a column in the table. up to 128 characters.
column_name are not specified for columns that are created with a timestamp data
type. The default column name of a timestamp column is timestamp.

For example :
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Customer_1](
[Customer_id number] [numeric](10, 0) NOT NULL,
[Customer_name] [varchar](50) NOT NULL)
ON [PRIMARY]
GO

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Modifying Tables 1-2
 The ALTER TABLE statement is used to modify a table definition by altering,
adding, or dropping columns and constraints, reassigning partitions, or disabling
or enabling constraints and triggers.

Syntax
:

ALTER TABLE [[database_name. [schema_name].| schema_name.]table_name

ALTER COLUMN ([<column_name>] [data_type] Null/Not Null,);
| DROP COLUMN ([<column_name>];
| ADD ([<column_name>] [data_type] Null/Not Null,);

where,
ALTER COLUMN: specifies that the particular column is to be changed or modified.
DROP COLUMN ([<column_name>]: specifies that column_name is to be
removed from the table.
ADD: specifies that one or more column definitions are to be added.

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Modifying Tables 2-2
 Following code snippet demonstrates altering the Customer_id column:
USE [CUST_DB]
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Customer_1]
ALTER Column [Customer_id number] [numeric](12, 0) NOT NULL;

 Following code snippet demonstrates adding the Contact_number column:

USE [CUST_DB]
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Table_1]
ADD [Contact_number] [numeric](12, 0) NOT NULL;

 Following code snippet demonstrates dropping the Contact_number

column:
USE [CUST_DB]
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Table_1]
DROP COLUMN [Contact_name];

 Under certain conditions, columns cannot be dropped, such as, if they are used
in a CHECK, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, or PRIMARY KEY constraint,
associated with a DEFAULT definition, and so forth.

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Dropping Tables
 The DROP TABLE statement removes a table definition, its data, and all associated
objects such as indexes, triggers, constraints, and permission specifications for that
table.

Syntax
:

DROP TABLE <Table_Name>

 For example:

USE [CUST_DB]
DROP TABLE [dbo].[Table_1]

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Column Nullability

The nullability feature of a column determines whether rows in the table can contain
a null value for that column.

Null value is not same as zero, blank, or a zero length character string (such as ' ').

Nullability can be defined either when creating a table or modifying a table.

When inserting a row, if no value is given for a nullable column, then, SQL Server
automatically gives it a null value unless the column has been given a default value

 For example
USE [CUST_DB]
CREATE TABLE StoreDetails ( StoreID int NOT NULL, Name varchar(40) NULL)
GO

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DEFAULT Definition

assign a default value to the column if no value is given at the time of creation.

When a DEFAULT definition is added to an existing column, SQL Server applies the
default values only to newly added rows of data.

 The following cannot be created on columns with DEFAULT definitions:

 A timestamp data type
 An IDENTITY or ROWGUIDCOL property
 An existing default definition or default object

 For example
USE [CUST_DB]
CREATE TABLE StoreProduct( ProductID int NOT NULL, Name varchar(40) NOT NULL,
rice money NOT NULL DEFAULT (100))
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.StoreProduct (ProductID, Name) VALUES (111, 'Rivets')
GO

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IDENTITY Property 1-3
 Is used to create columns that can contain auto-generated sequential values to
uniquely identify each row within a table.
 Is often used for primary key values. The characteristics :
must be defined using one of the following data types: decimal, int, numeric, smallint, bigint, or
tinyint.

need not have a seed and increment value specified. If they are not specified, a default value of 1 will be
used for both.

A table cannot have more than one column with IDENTITY property.

must not allow null values and must not contain a DEFAULT definition or object.

cannot have their values updated.

The values can be explicitly inserted into the identity column only if the IDENTITY_INSERT
option is set ON.

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IDENTITY Property 2-3
 Once the IDENTITY property has been set, retrieving the values of the identifier
column can be done by using the IDENTITYCOL keyword with the table name in a
SELECT statement.
 To know if a table has an IDENTITY column, the OBJECTPROPERTY() function
can be used.
 To retrieve the name of the IDENTITY column in a table, the COLUMNPROPERTY
function is used.

Syntax
:

CREATE TABLE <table_name> (

column_name data_type [ IDENTITY[(seed_value, increment_value)]] NOT
NULL )

where,
seed_value: is the seed value from which to start generating identity values.
increment_value: is the increment value by which to increase each time.

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IDENTITY Property 3-3

 For example:

USE [CUST_DB]
GO
CREATE TABLE HRContactPhone ( Person_ID int IDENTITY(500,1) NOT
NULL, MobileNumber bigint NOT NULL )
GO

INSERT INTO HRContactPhone VALUES(983452201)

INSERT INTO HRContactPhone VALUES(993026654)
GO

 Following figure shows the output

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Globally Unique Identifiers 1-3

Only one identifier column and one globally unique identifier column can be
created for each table.

To create and work with globally unique identifiers, a combination of

ROWGUIDCOL, uniqueidentifier data type, and NEWID function are used.

Values for a globally unique column are not automatically generated.

One has to create a DEFAULT definition with a NEWID() function for a

uniqueidentifier column to generate a globally unique value.

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Globally Unique Identifiers 2-3

The NEWID() function creates a unique identifier number which is a 16-byte binary
string.

The column can be referenced in a SELECT list by using the ROWGUIDCOL keyword.

To know whether a table has a ROWGUIDCOL column, the OBJECTPROPERTY function

is used.

The COLUMNPROPERTY function is used to retrieve the name of the ROWGUIDCOL column.

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Globally Unique Identifiers 3-3
 For example
USE [CUST_DB]
CREATE TABLE EMP_CellularPhone( Person_ID uniqueidentifier
DEFAULT NEWID() NOT NULL, PersonName varchar(60) NOT NULL)
GO

 Following code snippet adds a value to PersonName column:

USE [CUST_DB]
INSERT INTO EMP_CellularPhone(PersonName) VALUES ('William Smith')
SELECT * FROM EMP_CellularPhone
GO

 Following figure shows the output where a unique identifier is displayed against a
specific PersonName:

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Constraints
 A constraint is a property assigned to a column or set of columns in a table to
prevent certain types of inconsistent data values from being entered.
are used to apply business logic rules and enforce data integrity.

can be created when a table is created or added at a later stage

can be categorized as column constraints and table constraints.

A column constraint is specified as part of a column definition and applies only to that
column.

A table constraint can apply to more than one column in a table and is declared
independently from a column definition. .

Table constraints must be used when more than one column is included in a constraint.

 SQL Server supports the following types of constraints:

• PRIMARY KEY • CHECK
• UNIQUE • NOT NULL
• FOREIGN KEY Creating Tables/ Session 7 20
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PRIMARY KEY

A table typically has a primary key comprising a single column or combination of

columns to uniquely identify each row within the table.

The PRIMARY KEY constraint is used to create a primary key and enforce integrity
of the entity of the table.

Only one primary key constraint can be created per table.

Column that is a primary key cannot have NULL values.

Syntax
:
CREATE TABLE <table_name> ( Column_name datatype PRIMARY KEY [
column_list] )

CREATE TABLE <table_name> (<column_name> <datatype> [, column_list]

CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column,..))

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UNIQUE
 A UNIQUE constraint is used to ensure that only unique values are entered in a
column or set of columns.
 UNIQUE constraints allow null values.
 A single table can have more than one UNIQUE constraint.

Syntax
:
CREATE TABLE <table_name> ([column_list ] <column_name> <data_type>
UNIQUE [ column_list])

 For example:
USE [CUST_DB]

GO

CREATE TABLE EMP_ContactPhone(Person_ID int PRIMARY KEY, MobileNumber

bigint UNIQUE,ServiceProvider varchar(30),LandlineNumber bigint UNIQUE)

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FOREIGN KEY
 A foreign key in a table is a column that points to a primary key column in another
table.
 Foreign key constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.

Syntax
:

CREATE TABLE <table_name1>([ column_list,] <column_name> <datatype>

FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES <table_name> (pk_column_name> [, column_list])

 For example
USE [CUST_DB]

GO

CREATE TABLE EMP_PhoneExpenses ( Expense_ID int PRIMARY KEY,

MobileNumber bigint FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES EMP_ContactPhone
(MobileNumber), Amount bigint)

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CHECK
 A CHECK constraint limits the values that can be placed in a column.
 Check constraints enforce integrity of data.
 A CHECK constraint operates by specifying a search condition, which can evaluate to
TRUE, FALSE, or unknown.
 Values that evaluate to FALSE are rejected.
 Multiple CHECK constraints can be specified for a single column.
 A single CHECK constraint can also be applied to multiple columns by creating it at
the table level.
 Example:
USE [CUST_DB]
CREATE TABLE EMP_PhoneExpenses ( Expense_ID int PRIMARY KEY,
MobileNumber bigint FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES EMP_ContactPhone
(MobileNumber), Amount bigint CHECK (Amount >10))
GO

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NOT NULL

A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values.

The NOT NULL constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, similar to
CHECK constraints.

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Data Modification Statements 1-3
 Used for modifying data, they are INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements.

INSERT Statement

 adds a new row to a table.

Syntax
: INSERT [INTO] <Table_Name>
VALUES <values>

 For example
USE [CUST_DB]
INSERT INTO [dbo].[Table_2] VALUES (101, 'Richard Parker', 'Richy')
GO

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Data Modification Statements 2-3

UPDATE Statement

 The UPDATE statement modifies the data in the table.

Syntax UPDATE <Table_Name>

: SET <Column_Name = Value>
[WHERE <Search condition>]

where,
<Column_Name>: name of the column in which record is to be updated.
<Value>: specifies the new value for the modified column.
<Search condition>: the condition to be met for the rows to be updated.
 For examle:
USE [CUST_DB]
UPDATE [dbo].[Table_2] SET Contact_number = 5432679
WHERE Contact_name LIKE 'Richy'
GO

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Data Modification Statements 3-3

DELETE Statement

 The DELETE statement removes rows from a table.

 The syntax for DELETE statement is as follows:
Syntax
:
DELETE FROM <Table_Name>
[WHERE <Search condition>]

Where,
The WHERE clause is used to specify the condition. If WHERE clause is not included
in the DELETE statement, all the records in the table will be deleted.

 For example:
USE [CUST_DB]
DELETE FROM [dbo].[Customer_2] WHERE Contact_number = 5432679
GO

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Summary 1-2

● A data type is an attribute that specifies the storage capacity of an object and the
type of data it can hold, such as numeric data, character data, monetary data, and so
on.

● SQL Server 2012 supports three kinds of data types:

 System data types
 Alias data types
 User-defined types

● Most tables have a primary key, made up of one or more columns of the table that
identifies records uniquely.

● The nullability feature of a column determines whether rows in the table can contain
a null value for that column.

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Summary 2-2

● A DEFAULT definition for a column can be created at the time of table creation or
added at a later stage to an existing table.

● The IDENTITY property of SQL Server is used to create identifier columns that can
contain auto-generated sequential values to uniquely identify each row within a
table.

● Constraints are used to apply business logic rules and enforce data integrity.

● A UNIQUE constraint is used to ensure that only unique values are entered in a
column or set of columns.

● A foreign key in a table is a column that points to a primary key column in another
table.

● A CHECK constraint limits the values that can be placed in a column.

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