IN The Name of Allah Almighty

Introduction to Database systems

Lecture Overview

• Basic Terminologies
• Brief History
• File-based approach
• Data Base Approach
• DBMS
• Advantages of database system
• Simple architecture of database system
• Components of DBMS
• Types of DBMS
• Types of database users
• Applications of DBMS
• Why we use Database
• Popular DBMS Software
• Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
• Why not use a database
• Some questions
• summary
Brief History
• the Early 1960s, the First general purpose database by Charles Bachman used the
network data model.
• Late 1960s, IBM developed an information management system(IMS) used the
hierarchical data model Led by SABRE , airline reservation system developed by AA
and IBM still use today.
• 1970 Edger Code of IBM developed relational data model led to several relational
models as well as important to theoretical results. Code wins Turning award
• I980 relational data model dominant, SQL standard.
• Late 1980,1990, DBMS vendors extends systems, allowing more complex data
types(image,text).
Basic Terminologies

• Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning; raw
• Information: processed data
• Big data: data that contains greater variety, arriving in increasing volumes and with more
velocity. Three Vs.
• Data Ware House: A data warehouse is a type of data management system that is
designed to enable and support especially analytics
Basic Terminologies

• Mini-world:
• Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database. For example,
student grades and transcripts at a university.
• Database Management System (DBMS):
• A software package/system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized
database.
• Database system:
• The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also
included.
Basic Terminologies

• Database: A database is a collection of related data

• A highly organized, interrelated, and structured set of data about a particular enterprise
• Controlled by a database management system (DBMS)

• DBMS: Set of programs to access the data

• An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

Application Programs and DBMS

• Applications interact with a database by generating

- Queries: that access different parts of data and formulate the result of a request
-Transactions: that may read some data and “update” certain values or generate new
data and store that in the database
Distributed Vs Centralized Database Systems
File-based approach
File based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual system.
It is also called a traditional based approach in which a decentralized approach
was taken where each department stored and controlled its own data with the
help of a data processing specialist. The main role of a data processing
specialist was to create the necessary computer file structures, and also
manage the data within structures and design some application programs that
create reports based on file data.
• A collection of Application programs that performs services to end users
such as production of reports, Each program manage and defines its own
data
 One file one application
each file maintain by its own application
File Based System
 Disadvantages of FBS
• Separation and isolation of data
• Slow access time – 
Direct access to files is very difficult and one needs to know the entire hierarchy of
folders to get to a specific file. This involves a lot of time. 
 
• Duplication of data/Inconsistent Data –
• loss of data integrity(change data at every place)-uncertainty of correct version of data
Due to data redundancy, the same data stored at different places might not match to
each other. 
 
• Data Integrity Problems –
The data present in the database should be consistent and correct. To achieve this, the
data must satisfy certain constraints.
• In compatibility of file-formats (data, meta data)
         
• Difficulty in the recovery of corrupt data – 
Recovery or backup of lost and corrupt data is nearly impossible in the case
of a File Processing System. 
 
• Problem in Concurrent Access – 
When a number of users operate on common data the in the database at the
same time then anomalies arise, due to lack of concurrency control.
• Unauthorized Access – 
       Anyone who gets access to the file can read or modify the data.  
 Data redundancy

• Data redundancy occurs when the same piece of data is stored in two or
more separate places
• Data redundancy can occur by accident but is also done deliberately for
backup and recovery purposes.
 Benefits and of data redundancy

• Helps protect data. When data cannot be accessed, redundant data can

help replace or rebuild missing data.
• Data accuracy. Hosting multiple locations for the same data means that a
data management system can evaluate any differences, meaning data is
assured to be accurate.
• Access speed. Some locations for data may be easier to access than
others for an organization that spans different physical areas. A person
within an organization may access data from redundant sources to have
faster access to the same data.
 Drawbacks of data redundancy
• Increase in database sizes. More storage space is needed for a redundant
copy of a large amount of data. A larger database may also cause longer
load times or create confusion if employees do not know where certain data
is stored.
• Cost. More need for storage also means an increased cost in addition to any
extra overhead or resources needed to maintain and update redundant data.
• Data discrepancies. Storing data in multiple locations can cause
discrepancies such as missing records or incorrect values if the data is not
continually updated.
• Corruption. Storing multiple copies of the same data increases the chance
of data corruption. Damaged data could result from errors in writing,
reading, storage or processing of data.
Database approach

• A database approach is a well-organized collection of data that are related in

a meaningful way which can be accessed by different users but stored only
once in a system.
• The various operations performed by the DBMS system are: Insertion,
deletion, selection, sorting etc.
Pictorial Representation of Database system
Database Approach
 Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing University

- Data Independence
Students
- Controlled Redundancy Database - Better Data Integrity
DBMS vs File System
Advantages of Database system

• Better Data Transferring

• Better Data Security
• Minimized Data Inconsistency
Advantages of Database system

• Faster Data Access

• Better decision making
• Data Abstraction
• Reduction in data Redundancy: 
DBMS and File systems:
DBMS and File systems:
A simplified architecture for a database
system
Types of Database Architectures

• Centralized
• Distributed
Why we use database

• Databases support good data access because: 

• Large volumes of data can be stored in one place.
• Multiple users can read and modify the data at the same time.
• Databases are searchable and sortable, so the data you need can be
found quick and easily.
Components of DBMS
 Hardware
• Here the hardware means the physical part of the DBMS. Here the
hardware includes output devices like a printer, monitor, etc., and storage
devices like a hard disk.
• In DBMS, information hardware is the most important visible part. The
equipment which is used for the visibility of the data is the printer,
computer, scanner, etc. This equipment is used to capture the data and
present the output to the user.
• With the help of hardware, the DBMS can access and update the database.
 Software
• Software is the main component of the DBMS.
• Software is defined as the collection of programs that are used to instruct
the computer about its work. The software consists of a set of procedures,
programs, and routines associated with the computer system's operation
and performance. 
• Some examples of DBMS software include MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server,
dBase, FileMaker, Clipper, Foxpro, Microsoft Access, etc.
 Data

• The term data means the collection of any raw fact stored in the database.
Here the data are any type of raw material from which meaningful
information is generated.
• The database can store any form of data, such as structural data, non-
structural data, and logical data.
 Procedures

• The procedure is a type of general instruction or guidelines for the use of

DBMS. This instruction includes how to set up the database, how to install
the database, how to log in and log out of the database, how to manage the
database, how to take a backup of the database, and how to generate the
report of the database.
• The main purpose of the procedure is to guide the user during the
management and operation of the database.
 People

• The people who control and manage the databases and perform different
types of operations on the database in the DBMS.
• The people include database administrator, software developer, and End-
user.
Different types of Database Users
• Database Administrator (DBA) :
Database Administrator (DBA) is a person/team who defines the schema and
also controls the 3 levels of database.
• Naive / Parametric End Users :
Parametric End Users are the unsophisticated who don’t have any DBMS
knowledge but they frequently use the database applications in their daily life
to get the desired results.
For example, Railway’s ticket booking users are naive users. Clerks in any
bank is a naive user because they don’t have any DBMS knowledge but they
still use the database and perform their given task.
Different types of Database Users

• System Analyst :
System Analyst is a user who analyzes the requirements of parametric end users.
They check whether all the requirements of end users are satisfied.
• Sophisticated Users :
Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business analyst, who are familiar
with the database. They can develop their own data base applications according to
their requirement.
• They don’t write the program code but they interact the data base by writing SQL
queries directly through the query processor.
Different types of Database Users

Application Programers :
Application Programers are the back end programmers who writes the code for
the application programs.They are the computer professionals. These programs
could be written in Programming languages such as Visual Basic, Developer, C,
FORTRAN, COBOL etc.
Database Applications
• Traditional applications:
• Numeric and textual databases
• More recent applications:
Multimedia databases
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Data warehouses
Mobile databases
Real-time and active databases
Applications of DBMS
Applications of DBMS

• Railway Reservation System −

• Library Management System −
• Banking −
• Universities and colleges −
Applications of DBMS

• Credit card transactions 

• Social Media Sites 
• Finance 
• Military 
Disadvantages of DBMS
Popular DBMS
• MySQL.
• Microsoft Access.
• Oracle.
• PostgreSQL.
• DBASE.
• FoxPro.
• SQLite.
• IBM DB2.
Some Questions

• When do we use a Database? &

• When we use files
• Are file systems used nowadays?
Summary

• In this chapter we learn a database as a collection of related data, where data means recorded facts. A
typical database represents some aspect of the real world and is used for specific purposes by one or
more groups of users.
• A DBMS is a generalized software package for implementing and maintaining a computerized
database.
• The database and software together form a database system. We identified several characteristics that
distinguish the database approach from traditional file-processing applications, and we discussed the
main categories of database users, or the actors on the scene
• . We noted that in addition to database users, there are several categories of support personnel, or
workers behind the scene, in a database environment
Best of Luck