ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-

INTRODUCTION
TEXT BOOK
Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig
Areas of AI and Some Dependencies
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• making computers that thinks.
• the automation of activities we associate with human thinking, like decision making,
learning.
• the art of creating machines that performs functions that require intelligence when
performed by people.
• the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models.
• the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act.
• a field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour. In terms of
computational processes.
• a branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour.
• anything in computer science that we don’t yet know how to do properly.
WHAT IS AI
• There is no single definition, but several approaches, that Rusell-Norvig
summarize in four main ones.
• Those approaches follow different points of view.
• Their influence are diverse (Philosophy, Mathematics, Psychology, Biology…).
• There fields of application are ample and interrelated.
APPROACHES TO AI
• Systems that act like humans
• The study of how to obtain that computers perform task at which, at the moment,
people are better (Rich and Knight, 1991)
• Systems that think like humans
• The effort to make computers think…machines with minds in the full and literal sense
(Haugeland, 1985)
• Systems that think rationally
• The study of mental faculties through the study of computational models
• Systems that act rationally
• The effort to explain and emulate the intelligent behaviour in terms of computational
processes (Shalkoff, 1990)
 WHAT IS AI

Systems that think System that think

Thought like human rationally

System that act System that act

like human rationally

Human Rationally
 ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST

Alan Turing
1912-1954
To be intelligent, a program should simply act like a human
 ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST

The Turing test developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent
behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human
evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to
generate human like responses.

Suppose you enter a room which has a computer terminal. You have a fixed period of time to type what
you want into the terminal, and study the replies. At the other end of the line is either a human being or a
computer system.
If it is a computer system, and at the end of the period you can not relibly determine whether it is a
system or a human, then the system is deemed to be intelligent.
THE TURING TEST - EXAMPLE
THE TURING TEST - EXAMPLE
THE TURING TEST - EXAMPLE
THE TURING TEST - EXAMPLE
THE TURING TEST - EXAMPLE
 THE TURING TEST - EXAMPLE
To pass the Turing test, the computer/robot needs:
Natural language processing to communicate successfully.
Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears.
Automated reasoning to answer questions and draw conclusions using stored information.
Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.

These are the main branches of AI.

 ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST

+ physical interaction =>

Total Turing Test

- Recognize objects
and gestures
- Move objects

Alan Turing
1912-1954
To be intelligent, a program should simply act like a human
 ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST
The total Turing test:
Includes two more issues
• Computer vision
• To perceive object (seeing)
• Robotics
• To move objects (acting)
 ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST
To pass the Turing test, the computer/robot needs:
Natural language processing to communicate successfully.
Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears.
Automated reasoning to answer questions and draw conclusions using stored information.
Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
Computer vision to perceive objects. (Total Turing test)
Robotics to manipulate objects and move. (Total Turing test)

These are the main branches of AI.

 WHAT IS AI

Systems that think System that think

Thought like human rationally

System that act System that act

Behaviour like human rationally

Human Rationally
 SYSTEM THAT THINKS LIKE HUMAN

Real intelligence requires thinking  think like a human !

First, we should know how a human think
Introspect ones thoughts
Physiological experiment to understand how someone thinks
Brain imaging – MRI…
Then, we can build programs and models that think like humans
Resulted in the field of cognitive science: a merger between AI and psychology.
 PROBLEMS WITH IMITATING HUMANS

The human thinking process is difficult to understand: how does the mind
raises from the brain ? Think also about unconscious tasks such as vision and
speech understanding.
Humans are not perfect ! We make a lot of systemic mistakes:
 WHAT IS AI

Systems that think System that think

Thought like human rationally

System that act System that act

Behaviour like human rationally

Human Rationally
 SYSTEM THAT THINK RATIONALLY
LAWS OF THOUGHT

Instead of thinking like a human : think rationally.

Humana are not always ‘rational’. Rational- defined in terms of logic.
Find out how correct thinking must proceed: the laws of thought.
Aristotle syllogism: “Socrates is a man; all men are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal.”
This initiated logic: a traditional and important branch of mathematics and computer science.
Problem: it is not always possible to model thought as a set of rules; sometimes there
uncertainty.
Even when a modeling is available, the complexity of the problem may be too large to allow for
a solution.

“The study if mental facilities through the use of computational models” (Charniak and
McDermott)
“The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act”
(Winston)
 WHAT IS AI

Systems that think System that think

Thought like human rationally

System that act System that act

Behaviour like human rationally

Human Rationally
Rational behaviour: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available
SYSTEM THAT ACT RATIONALLY: “RATIONAL AGENT”
information
Giving answers to questions is ‘acting’.
Logic—only part of a rational agent, not all of rationality
•Sometimes logic can not reason a correct conclusion
•At that time, some specific (in domain) human knowledge or information is used
Thus, it covers more generally different situations of problems
•Compensate the incorrectly reasoned conclusions
Instead of insisting on how the program should think, we insist on how the program should
act: we care only about the final result.
Advantages:
It is more general than using logic only
Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge
It allows extension of the approach with more scientific mythologies
 SYSTEM THAT ACT RATIONALLY: “RATIONAL AGENT”

.
 RATIONAL AGENTS

.An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

This course is about desiging rational agents
Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best
performance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2vvJL_En6I
Artificial
•Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating naturally
Intelligence
•Is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it .[Pigford and Baur]
So AI was defined as:
AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent.
AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer systems that exhibit
human intelligence (Oxdord Dictionary)

From the above two definitions, we can see that AI has two major roles
•Study the intelligent part concerned with humans
•Represent those actions using computers
 GOALS OF AI

To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious task from human
Understand principles of human intelligence