Course : CAD/CAM

UNIT – II: Geometric

Modeling & Drafting and
Modeling Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Topic: Lesson Plan Course : CAD/CAM

Lecture Plan
MODULE NO TOPIC
Geometric Modeling
1.1 Requirements of Geometric Models
1.2 Types of representation of curves – Introduction (Implicit, explicit,
1 parametric and non-parametric representation)
1.3 Parametric Representation of analytical curves - Problems
Assignment to students

2.1 Synthetic curves – splines

2 2.2 Hermite cubic spline equation derivation and problems
Assignment to students

3.1 Bezier curves, problems

3
Assignment to students
4.1 B-Spline - Formulations
4
4.2 Surface modeling – Formulations

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 2

 Topic: Module 01 Course : CAD/CAM

Module 02
2.1 Synthetic curves – splines
2.2 Hermite cubic spline equation derivation and problems

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 3

 Topic: Module 01 Course : CAD/CAM

Module Objectives
By completing this module, the student is expected to
• Derive the formulation of cubic splines
• Apply cubic spline formulation for solving problems

Module Outcomes
After completing this module, the student should be able to
• Illustrate the applications of cubic splines with examples
• Formulate cubic splines for approximating various analytical curves as well as
passing through two points given the boundary conditions

Youtube Video lecture Link:

https://youtu.be/mRDECSMji5c?list=PLrG2z51AABNbEn_mtGlRfCygGLPLgg68Z

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 5

 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Synthetic Curves
 The need for synthetic curves in design arises on
two occasions. When a curve is represented by a
collection of measured data points and when an
existing curve must change to meet new design
requirements.

 Analytic curves are usually not sufficient to

meet geometric design requirements of
mechanical parts like vehicle bodies. Synthetic
curves provide designers with greater flexibility
and control of a curve shape by changing the
positions of the control points.

 Products such as car bodies, ship hulls, airplane

fuselage and wings, propeller blades, shoe
insoles, and bottles are a few examples that
require free form, or synthetic, curves and
surfaces.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 5
 Topic: Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Spline
• A spline curve is defined by giving a set of coordinate positions, called control points, which indicate the general shape of
the curve. These control points are then fitted with piecewise continuous parametric polynomial functions.
• When polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, the resulting curve is said to
interpolate the set of control points
• On the other hand, when the polynomials are fitted to the general control point path without necessarily passing through
any control point, the resulting curve is said to approximate the set of control points
• Different types of synthetic curves are currently being used. They are
• Hermite Cubic Spline
• Bezier curve
• Bspline
• NURBS
• NURPS
• Since the spline curves, as mentioned earlier, are piecewise continuous parametric
polynomial functions, different continuity requirements are to be satisfied.
• Positional continuity (C0)
• Tangential continuity (C1)
• Curvature continuity (C2)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 6

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Hermite Cubic Spline

The Hermite form of a cubic spline is determined by defining positions and
tangent vectors at the data points.

The general form of this spline is given by:

where
where Ci are coefficients

The expanded vector form is thus:

The scalar form of the equation can be written as

𝑥(𝑢)=𝐶 3 𝑥 𝑢3 +𝐶 2 𝑥 𝑢2 +𝐶 1 𝑥 𝑢+𝐶 0 𝑥
𝑦 (𝑢)=𝐶 3 𝑦 𝑢3 +𝐶 2 𝑦 𝑢 2+ 𝐶 1 𝑦 𝑢+𝐶 0 𝑦
𝑧 (𝑢)=𝐶 3 𝑧 𝑢3 +𝐶 2 𝑧 𝑢2 +𝐶 1 𝑧 𝑢+ 𝐶 0 𝑧

In matrix form, we have where

and
. Ci in C matrix are called coefficient vector matrix
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 7
 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Hermite Cubic Spline

The general form of this spline is given by:
where

Each cubic spline segment is specified by its starting point Ending Point , Starting
tangent and Ending tangent .
Applying the aforesaid boundary conditions, and , we have

C0  P0
C  P
1 0
Solving
C2  3( P1  P0 )  2( P0  P1)
C  2( P  P )  P   P 
3 0 1 0 1

Substituting

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 9

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Hermite Cubic Spline

Writing the above equation in matrix form, we have

where,

When interpolating through multiple points, the equations are to be assembled taking care
of tangency requirement

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 8

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Problem 1
Determine the equation of the cubic spline when and

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 9

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Problem 2
Determine the equation of the cubic spline with (0,1), (1,0) as end points while (-1,0) and (1,0) as end tangents

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 10

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Assignment Problems
1. Determine the equation of the cubic spline with (0,0), (1,1) as end points while (-1,0) and (1,0) as end
tangents
2. Determine the equation of the cubic spline when and
3. Determine the equation of a cubic spline which approximates one quarter circle (0 to 90 degrees) with unit
radius
4. Given two points and two tangent vectors, P0 [0,0], P1 [1,1], [2,0], and [2,0], derive the parametric equation
of the cubic spline through these points

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 11

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Smoothening
In mathematical analysis, the smoothness of a function is a property measured by the number of continuous
derivatives it has over some domain.

Most generally three types of continuity are dealt. They are

C0: Curves are continuous Point continuity
C1: First derivatives are continuous Tangential Continuity
C2: First and second derivatives are continuous Curvature Continuity

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 12

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Smoothening (Curvature Comb Tool)

Curvature Comb Tool in Solidworks

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 13

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Hermite Cubic Spline

When defining cubic spline through multiple points cubic spline is defined as piecewise cubic spline with their
equations assemble considering C2 continuity.

Next Bezier Curves….

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 14
 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Assignment Problems
1. Determine the equation of the cubic spline with (0,0), (1,1) as end points while (-1,0) and (1,0) as end
tangents
2. Determine the equation of the cubic spline when and
3. Determine the equation of a cubic spline which approximates one quarter circle (0 to 90 degrees) with unit
radius
4. Given two points and two tangent vectors, P0 [0,0], P1 [1,1], [2,0], and [2,0], derive the parametric equation
of the cubic spline through these points

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 15

 Topic: Hermite Cubic Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Assignment Problems
3. Determine the equation of a cubic spline which approximates one quarter circle (0 to 90 degrees) with
unit radius
y

𝑃 1 ′ (−1,0) 𝑃 1 (0,1)

R=1
𝑃 0 (1,0)
x
𝑃 0 ′ (0,1)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 16

 Topic: Curve Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Some the images, videos embedded in this

presentation are collected from various
internet sources for fair usage of developing
educational content and is not used for
commercial purposes.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 16