Course : CAD/CAM

UNIT – II: Geometric Modeling

& Drafting and Modeling
Systems
By
Dr. N. V. S. Shankar, Ph.D. Instructors Video
Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Topic: Lesson Plan Course : CAD/CAM

Lecture Plan
MODULE NO TOPIC
Geometric Modeling
1.1 Requirements of Geometric Models
1.2 Types of representation of curves – Introduction (Implicit, explicit,
1 parametric and non-parametric representation)
1.3 Parametric Representation of analytical curves - Problems
Assignment to students

2.1 Synthetic curves – splines

2 2.2 Hermite cubic spline equation derivation and problems
Assignment to students

3.1 Bezier curves, problems

3
Assignment to students

4
4.1 B-Spline - Formulations Instructors Video
4.2 Surface modeling – Formulations

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 3

 Topic: Module 01 Course : CAD/CAM

Module 04
4.1 B-Spline - Formulations
4.2 Surface modeling – Formulations

Instructors Video

Youtube video Lecture Link

https://youtu.be/5UuP_rgMGEg?list=PLrG2z51AABNbEn_mtGlRfCygGLPLgg68Z&t=2765
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 5
 Topic: B-Spline Course : CAD/CAM

B-Spline

Instructors Video

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 Topic: B-Spline Course : CAD/CAM

B-Spline Properties
• B-Splines Basis functions have the following properties
Partition of Unity

Positivity
Increasing the degree
Continuity Basis functions are k-2 times continuously differentiable tightens the curve, i.e. the
curve deviates more from
• Local Control control points
Consider the B-Spline curve given aside. It can be
observed that the B-Spline can be divided into four
segments with each segment spanning over two
control polygon edges. Modifying a control point
modifies two sets of control polygon edges. For eg.
Modifying P1 will result in modification of P1P2P3
and P0P1P2 while rest are the same. In otherwords, Instructors Video
only segments of the curve governed by these two
will get modified while the rest of the curve
remains the same
• B-Spline curve becomes a Bezier curve when n=k-1
• Like Bezier curve, the curve lies within the convex hull of control points
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 Topic: B-Spline Course : CAD/CAM

Surface Representation

Instructors Video

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Surface Representation
• Though wireframe modelling involves less memory, the model is very ambiguous
• One cannot easily understand the final shape of the model in wireframe model
• Surface representation of the model is more appropriate in these cases
• It is richer in its associated geometric contents which makes it more suitable for engineering application (Eg:
Tool path generation)
• Database of surface modelling is associative, i.e. modifying the surface in one view will reflect in other view.
• The disadvantage of surface modelling is that only geometric model
information is stored while not the topology – for eg: if two surfaces share the
same edge, then not a single definition of both the surfaces define that the edge
is common to other surface.

Instructors Video

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 8

 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Types of Surfaces
Analytical Surfaces
Plane Surface
Ruled surface
Tabbed surface
Surface of revolution

Synthetic surfaces
BiCubic surface
Bezier surface
B-Spline surface
Coon’s patch
Blended surface
Sculptured surface
Offset surface Instructors Video
Triangular patches

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 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Analytical Surface: Plane surface

P2

P0 u P1

Instructors Video

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 10

 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Analytical Surface: Ruled surface

Lofted surfaces are good examples
V=1 Q(u)

V=0 G(u)

Instructors Video

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 11

 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Analytical Surface: Tabbed surface

Instructors Video

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 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Analytical Surface: Revolved surface

Instructors Video

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 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Synthetic Surfaces

Surface Name Equation

Hermite Bicubic
surface

Bezier surface

B-Spline surface
Instructors Video
For both Bicubic and Bezier surface patches,

For B-Spline surface it is

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 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Synthetic Surfaces
Coons surface
• All synthetic surfaces seen previously have require a specific set of control points defined i.e. Finite set of control points
• Coons surface patch is a form of transfinite interpolation which indicates that the Coons surface interpolates to an infinite
number of data points, i.e., to all the points of a curve segment to generate the surface.
• Coons patch is particularly useful in blending four intersecting curves

Instructors Video

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 15

 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Synthetic Surfaces
Coons surface formulations

By adding above two, we have P(u , v)  P1 (u, v)  P2 (u, v)

At u=0 and v=0, we have based on above equation

Error function can thus be defined as

P3 (u , v)  (1  v ) (1  u ) P(0, 0)  uP (1, 0)   v (1  u ) P (0,1)  uP(1,1) 
Instructors Video
Final formulation of coon’s patch can thus be written as
P (u , v)  P1 (u , v)  P2 (u , v)  P3 (u , v )
P (u , v)  P1 (u , v ) P2 (u , v)
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 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Synthetic Surfaces
Blended surface
• This is used to blend/join edges of two surfaces
• Generally these are used for C0 and C1 continuities.

Offset Surface
• This surface is obtained by offsetting a surface normal to the given surface.
• The equation is given below:

Sculptured Surface
• A sculptured surface is defined as a collection or sum of interconnected and
bounded parametric patches together with blending and interpolation formulae. Instructors Video
• This surface must be suitable to APT or other programming languages.
• In other words all the analytic and synthetic surfaces that are discussed and to be
discussed in this section can be used to generate a sculptured surface

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 Topic: Surface Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Synthetic Surfaces
Triangular patches
• These are used when either a surface cannot be fit using rectangular surface patches or at least one triangular
patch is required.
• Here three coordinates (u, v, w) are used for triangulation all varying in the range [0, 1]. These three variables
are called barycentric coordinates.
• The equation of the triangular patch is given below:

Instructors Video

• For any given point on the patch,

u+v+w=1

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