Course : CAD/CAM

UNIT – II: Geometric

Modeling & Drafting and
Modeling Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Topic: Unit – II Syllabus Course : CAD/CAM

SYLLABUS
GEOMETRIC MODELING: Requirements, geometric models, geometric construction
models, curve representation methods, surface representation methods, modelling
facilities desired.
 
DRAFTING AND MODELING SYSTEMS: Basic geometric commands, layers,
display control commands, editing, dimensioning, solid modelling.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Geometric Models
• A geometric Model is a mathematical representation of real world object.
• It is a forms a data base which can integrate CAD and CAM operations of a firm as the same model can be
used for all the functions of CAD and CAM

Graphics
Display
User Geometric Model (or)
Interface Mathematical Drawing
Representation Generation
(Common Database)

FEA, CFD,
MBD
Geometric
Modeling
Technique CAM

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 6

 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Geometric Models
Requirements of Geometric Models
• The basic requirements of a geometric model are
• Basic graphic elements
• Geometry (shape) of the model component and their layout in space
• Topology or structure of the models – how various elements are connected to form the model
• Application – specific data, such as material properties
• Application – specific program supporting data, such as FEM mesh

Same
geometry
but different
topology

Different
Geometry
but same
Topology
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 7
 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Geometric Models
Requirements of Geometric Models
• The model database can be maintained in two ways:
• Complete data of the model is stored explicitly
• The programs required for regenerating the model are stored
• The latter though takes less memory space, requires more time to be processed as the model computation is to be
done based on the program that has been stored.
• Below image shows how data is stored with relations between each. Examine any of the files like dxf, stp, igs, stl,
vrml files. You will find that data is preserved in similar format.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 8

 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Basic Geometric Modeling Techniques

Geometric modeling techniques can be classified into three types

• Wireframe modelling

• Surface Modeling

• Solid Modeling

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 8

 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Basic Geometric Modeling Techniques

Geometric modeling techniques can be classified into three types
• Wireframe modelling
• Developed in 1960s and referred as “a stick figure” or “an edge representation”
• The word “wireframe” is related to the fact that one may imagine a wire that is bent to follow the
object edges to generate a model.
• Model consists entirely of points, lines, arcs and circles, conics, and curves.
• In 3D wireframe model, an object is not recorded as a solid.
• Instead the vertices that define the boundary of the object, or the intersections of the edges of the
object boundary are recorded as a collection of points and their connectivity.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 8

 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Basic Geometric Modeling Techniques

Surface Model
• Though wireframe modelling involves less memory, the model is very ambiguous
• One cannot easily understand the final shape of the model in wireframe model
• Surface representation of the model is more appropriate in these cases
• It is richer in its associated geometric contents which makes it more suitable for engineering application
(Eg: Tool path generation)
• Database of surface modelling is associative, i.e. modifying
the surface in one view will reflect in other view.
• The disadvantage of surface modelling is that only geometric
model information is stored while not the topology – for eg:
if two surfaces share the same edge, then not a single
definition of both the surfaces define that the edge is common
to other surface.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 10

 Topic: Geometric Model Course : CAD/CAM

Basic Geometric Modeling Techniques

Solid Modeling
• Solid model is the complete definition of the part in the sense that both geometry and topology for the
part are defined and stored.
• These are informationally complete, valid and unambiguous representation of the objects
• Spatial addressability is possible in these models.
• Spatial addressability means the capability to define a point whether it is inside the part or outside the
part
• Spatial addressability is possible because both topology and
geometry are defined and stored.
• Wire frame and Surface models do not have the capability of
spatial addressability as a closed volume cannot be defined in
those models.
• This capability of solid models enables them to be used for
automation and integration tasks such as mass property
calculations, FEM, CAPP, interference analysis etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 11

 Topic: Curve Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Types of Curve Representation

Implicit Representation Non-Parametric Representation
(or)

Curve Representation
Parametric Representation
Explicit Representation
,

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 12

 Topic: Curve Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Parametric Representation
Line
Non Parametric Representation
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
P2 (x2,y2) 𝑥2− 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦 1
u=1

P1(x1,y1) Parametric Representation

u=0
¿

¿
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 13
 Topic: Curve Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Parametric Representation
Circle Non Parametric Representation
+

𝑟𝑐
𝜃𝑐 Parametric Representation
𝑃 𝑐 (𝑥𝑐 , 𝑦 𝑐 )
𝑥= 𝑥 𝑐 +𝑟 𝑐 cos ( 𝜃 𝑐 )
𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑐 +𝑟 𝑐 sin ( 𝜃 𝑐 ) }
, 0 ≤ 𝜃𝑐≤ 2 𝜋

Thus we can write

,

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 14

 Topic: Curve Representation Course : CAD/CAM

Parametric Representation
Conics

Parabola Hyperbola Ellipse

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 15