Course : CAD/CAM

UNIT – II: Geometric

Modeling & Drafting and
Modeling Systems
By
Dr. N. V. S. Shankar, Ph.D.
Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Topic: Lesson Plan Course : CAD/CAM

Lecture Plan
MODULE NO TOPIC
Geometric Modeling
1.1 Requirements of Geometric Models
1.2 Types of representation of curves – Introduction (Implicit, explicit,
1 parametric and non-parametric representation)
1.3 Parametric Representation of analytical curves - Problems
Assignment to students
2.1 Synthetic curves – splines
2 2.2 Hermite cubic spline equation derivation and problems
Assignment to students
3.1 Bezier curves, problems
3
Assignment to students
4.1 B-Spline - Formulations
4
4.2 Surface modeling – Formulations

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 Topic: Module 03 Course : CAD/CAM

Module 03
3.1 Bezier curves, problems
Assignment to students

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 Topic: Module 01 Course : CAD/CAM

Module Objectives
By completing this module, the student is expected to
• Derive the formulation of Bezier curve and understand its properties
• Apply Bezier curve formulation for solving problems

Module Outcomes
After completing this module, the student should be able to
• Illustrate the applications of Bezier curve with examples
• Apply Bezier curve formulations to solve curve fitting problems
• Summarize the properties of Bezier curves

Youtube Video Lecture Link:

https://youtu.be/-utXE0J7248?list=PLrG2z51AABNbEn_mtGlRfCygGLPLgg68Z&t=4
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 3
 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Interpolation and Extrapolation

Interpolation Extrapolation
The curve will not pass through all the
It is necessary that the curve produced
points, but will result in a curve that
will have to go through all the data
will be closest to as many points as
points.
possible.
Regression and least square methods
Cubic Splines and Lagrange are used for the purpose. Bezier and
interpolation methods are used. B-Splines curves also fall in this
category.
Shape of the curve is affected to a It is possible to have a local
great extent by manipulating a single modification easily by tweaking a
data point. The nature of tweaking is single point where the behaviour is
unpredictable. more predictable.

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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Bezier Curve
 A Bezier curve is a parametric curve used in computer graphics and related fields.
 The curve, which is related to the Bernstein polynomial, is named after Pierre Bezier, who used it in the
1960s for designing curves for the bodywork of Renault cars
 Other uses include the design of computer fonts and animation.
 Bezier curves can be combined to form a Bezier spline, or generalized to higher dimensions to form
Bezier surfaces.
 The Bezier triangle is a special case of the Bezier Surface.

Bezier Triangle
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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Bezier Curve
• The curve is defined by points: the initial position and the terminating
position (which are called "anchors") and middle points (which are called
"handles or control points").
• The equation of the Bezier curve through n+1 control points is given by,
with n being degree of the curve, is
𝒏
𝑷 ( 𝒖 )= ∑ ¿ ¿
𝒊 =𝟎
Where
Bernstein polynomial 𝑩𝒊 ,𝒏 ( 𝒖 )=𝑪𝒏𝒊 𝒖𝒊 (𝟏− 𝒖)𝒏−𝒊

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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Bezier Curve - Properties

• Geometric Invariance Property: Partition of unity or geometric invariance property emphasises that shape
of the curve remains constant if the points are translated or rotated.

• Global Control: If a control point is moved the entire curve moves.

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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Bezier Curve - Properties

• Convex Hull Property: The convex hull of a Bezier curve is the boundary of the intersection of all the convex sets
containing all vertices or the intersection of the half spaces generated by taking three vertices at a time to construct a plane
and having all other vertices on one side. The entire curve is contained within the convex hull of the control points as
shown in Figure. The convex hull property is useful in intersection problems in detection of absence of interference and in
providing estimates of the position of the curve through simple and efficiently computable bounds.

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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Bezier Curve - Properties

• Convex Hull Property: Bezier curve is tangent to first and last convex hull segments

𝑛
𝑃 ( 𝑢 )=∑ ¿ ¿
𝑖= 0

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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

•
Bezier Curve - Properties
Variation diminishing property:
• 2-D: The number of intersections of a straight line with a planar Bezier curve is no greater than the number of
intersections of the line with the control polygon. A line intersecting the convex hull of a planar Bezier curve may
intersect the curve transversally, be tangent to the curve, or not intersect the curve at all. It may not, however,
intersect the curve more times than it intersects the control polygon.
• 3-D: The same relation holds true for a plane with a space Bezier curve.
From this property, we can roughly say that a Bezier curve oscillates less than its control polygon, or in other words, the control
polygon's segments exaggerate the oscillation of the curve. This property is important in intersection algorithms and in
detecting the fairness of Bezier curves.

i ble
s
ble pos
ss i Im
Po

• Symmetry Property: Reversing the order of the control points will not alter the
shape of the Bezier curve.
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 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Bezier Curve - Problem

Given four points (1,1), (2,0), (6,0) and (8,7). Derive the equation of the Bezier curve passing through these points and
also calculate the points at u=0.5 𝑛
General equation the Bezier curve is 𝑃 ( 𝑢 )=∑ ¿ ¿
𝑖= 0

Given data

Substituting the values of points

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 11

 Topic: Synthetic Curves Course : CAD/CAM

Assignment Problems
1. Given a Bezier curve with 4 control points- B0[1 0] , B1[3 3] , B2[6 3] , B3[8 1], Determine any 5 points
lying on the curve. Also, draw a rough sketch of the curve. Determine the end tangents

2. Determine the control points of a Bezier curve that approximates a circle

3. Determine the equation of the Bezier curve passing through (1, 2), (4,-1) and (8,6). Also determine the point
when u=0.25, u=0.5 and u=0.75. Determine the equations of end tangents.

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 Topic: Curve Representation Course : CAD/CAM

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 16