Internet of Things

 Comprises things that have unique identities

and connected through internet.
 IoT focuses on the configuration , control and
networking via internet of devices or “things”
that are traditionally not associated with
internet.
 Definition of IoT
• A dynamic global infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual “things”
have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities
and use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated
into the information network, often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.
 Charecteristics of IoT

1. Dynamic and self-adapting (Ex: Surveillance

Cameras changing modes w.r.t light)
2. Self-Configuring (
3. Interoperable communication Protocols
4. Unique Identity
5. Integrated into Information Network
 1.Physical Design of IoT
1. Things in IoT
(deals with different interfaces for connections to other
devices, both wired and wireless)
2.IoT Protocols
(deals with protocols for communication at different
levels (Link, Network , Transport and Application layers)
 Link Layer

• Determines how data is physically sent over the networks

physical layer or medium.
• Scope of this layer is the local network connection to which host
is attached
a) 802.3 – Ethernet :: collection of wired Ethernet
standards for Link Layer.
• Provides data rates from 10mbps-40gbps and higher
• Ethernet can be coaxial cable , twisted-pair wire or
optical fiber .
b) 802.11 – WiFi:: collection of wireless local area
network (WLAN) communication standards
Provides data rates from 1mbps-6.75gbps and
higher
c) 802.16 – WiMax :: collection of wireless
broadband standards including extensive
descriptions for link layer.
Provides data rates from 1.5Mb/s-1Gb/s.
d) 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN :: collection of wireless
personal area networks.

These standards form the basis of specializations

for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee.

Provides data rates from 40Kb/s-256Kb/s.

These standards provide low-cost and low-speed

communication for power constrained devices
e)2G / 3G / 4G – Mobile Communication :: IoT based on
these standards can communicate over cellular networks.
Provides data rates from 9.6Kb/s-100Mb/s.

Network/Internet layer
 This layer is responsible for sending IP datagrams from the
source network to the destination network.

 This layer performs the host addressing and packet routing

 Host addressing is done using hierarchial IP addressing

schemes such as IPv4 or IPv6.
i) IPv4 :: most deployed Internet Protocol that is used to identify
the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme.
IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing scheme that allows total of 232 or
4,294,967,296 addresses.
These addresses got exhausted in 2011 and IPv4 is succeeded by
IPv6.

ii) IPv6 :: IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing scheme that allows total of

2128 addresses.

iii) 6LoWPAN :: (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area

Networks) for lower power devices
 Transport Layer

• Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of

underlying network.

• Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow

control and congestion control

a) TCP :: Transmission Control Protocol is widely used by web

browsers ,e-mail programs and file transfer.

TCP is a connection oriented and stateful protocol.

While IP protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures

reliable transmission of packets in-order.

b) UDP :: Unlike TCP , UDP is a connectionless
protocol.
 UDP is useful for time-sensitive applications that
have vey small data units to exchange and do not
want the overhead of connection setup.
 UDP is transaction oriented and stateless protocol.
 UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery,
ordering of messages and duplicate elimination.
 Application Layer
• These protocols define how the applications interface with the
lower level protocols to send the data over the network.
• Application layer protocols enable process-to-process
connections using ports.

a) HTTP :: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is the application

layer protocol that forms the foundation of the World Wide
Web(WWW).
 It includes commands such as GET, PUT, POST,
DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS etc .
 Follows a request-response model
 HTTP is a stateless protocol and each HTTP request is independent of
other requests.
 HTTP protocol uses Universal Resource Identifiers (URI) to identify
HTTP resources.
b) CoAP :: Constrained Application Protocol
is a protocol for Machine-to-Machine Applications(M2M), meant for
constrained environments with constrained devices and constrained
networks.
 Uses Client-Server Architecture
 Like HTTP CoAP supports methods such as GET, PUT, POST
and DELETE.
Follows some other protocols like

c) Web Socket (full duplex communication over single socket

connection)

d) MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport based on

publish-service model)

e) XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol for real-

time communication and streaming XML data )

f) DDS (Data Distribution Service for M2M communication)

g) AMQP (Advanced Message Queing Protocol for business

messaging)
 2. Logical Design of IoT

• IoT functional blocks

i) Device :: Provides sensing, actuation, monitoring and
controlling functions.
ii) Communication :: handles communication for IoT
devices.
iii) Services :: various IoT services like device handling etc.
iv) Management :: various functions to govern IoT devices.
v) Security :: handles various functions such as
authentication etc.
vi) Application :: provides interface that user can use to
control and monitor IoT devices .
 IoT Communication APIs
1) REST-Based Communication APIs :: Representational State Transfer protocol is a
set of architectural principles by which you can design web services and webAPIs.
The REST architectural constraints are as follows ::
i) Client-Server
ii) Stateless
iii) Cache-able
iv) Layered System
v) Uniform Interface
vi) Code on Demand
 Web-Socket based communication APIs

 WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full

duplex communication between clients and
servers.
 Follows Exclusive pair communication model

 WebSocket is useful for applications that have

low latency or high throughput requirements.
 Unit-1-Chapter 2
IoT Enabling Technologies
 IoT Enabling Technologies

l
Wireless sensor networks
l
Cloud Computing
l
Big Data Analytics
l
Communication Protocols
l
Embedded Sysytems
 l
Wireless sensor networks

l
It contains distributed devices with sensors
which are used to monitor environmental &
physical conditions
l
A WSN contains end nodes, routers, coordinator
l
End-nodes have several sensors attached to
them
l
End-nodes can also act as routers...routers are
responsible for routing the data packets from
end-nodes to co-ordinator
l
Coordinator acts as a gateway that connects
WSN to the internet
 WSN

l
WSN used in IoT systems are
l
Ex:Weather,Indoor air quality,soil
moisture,survelliance,health monitoring systems
l
WSNs enabled by protocolos like IEEE 802.15.4
& ZigBee protocol
l
ZigBee operates data rates upto 250 KB/s
l
ranges from 10-100 meters
 Cloud Computing
l
CC allows computing,networking & storage
resources on demand
l
Cc resources can be accessed over the n/w using
access mechanisms that uses heterogenous
clients such as workstations,laptops,tablets,smart
phones
l
Cc computing services are offered in diff.forms
l
1.Iaas
l
2.Paas
l
3.Saas
 Cloud Computing

l
IaaS: provides the users,the ability of computing
& storage resources.
l
These resources are provided to to the users as
virtual machine instances & virtual storage
l
Users can start,stop,configure and manage virtual
machines & virtual storage
l
PaaS: provides the users,the ability to develop&
deploy application in the cloud using development
tools,APIs,s/w libraries&services provided by the
cloud service provider
 Cloud Computing

l
Saas: provides the users a complete s/w
application
l
Apps are provided to the user through a thin
client interface(e.g., a browser)
l
SaaS apps are platform independent & can be
accessed from various client devices such as
workstations,laptop,tablets,smart-phones
 Big Data Analytics
l
BigData: defined as collections of dta setswhose
volume is difficult to store,manage,process &
analyze the data using traditional databases &
data processing tools.
l
It involves several steps like data cleaning,data
munging(transformation),data processing,data
visualization
l
Ex:data generated by IoT systems for
Weather,location,health&fitness monitoring
systems
 Communication Protocols
l
It allows devices to exchange data over the n/w
l
These protocols define the data exchange data
exchange format,data encoding,addressing
schemes for devices
l
Functions of protocols are include
l
sequence ctrl
l
flow ctrl
l
retransmission of lost packets
 Embedded Sysytems
l
It is a computer system that has computer h/w &
s/w embedded to perform specific tasks
l
Key components are micro-
processor,memory,networking units,i/o units
l
Embedded Sysytems run embedded o.s. such as
RTOS
l
Embedded Sysytems range from low devices
such as digital watches to high devices such as
digital cameras,vending machines....
Domain Specific IoTs
Outline
IoT Applications for :
• Home
• Cities
• Environment
• Energy Systems
• Retail
• Logistics
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Health & Lifestyle
Home

IoT applications for smart homes:

oSmart Lighting
oSmart Appliances
oIntrusion Detection
oSmoke / Gas Detectors
Home
Smart Lighting
Smart lighting achieve energy savings by sensing the human movements and their environments
and controlling the lights accordingly.

Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include :

Solid state lighting (such as LED lights)
IP-enabled lights
Wireless-enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications
such as a mobile or web application.
Home
Smart Appliances
•Smart appliances make the management easier and provide status information of appliances to the
users remotely. E.g: smart washer/dryer that can be controlled remotely and notify when the
washing/drying cycle is complete.

•OpenRemote is an open source automation platform for smart home and building that can control
various appliances using mobile and web applications.

•It comprises of three components:

 a Controller  manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices.
 a Designer  allows to create both configuration for the controller and user interface designs.
 Control Panel  allows to interact with devices and control them.
Home
Intrusion Detection
•Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors to detect intrusions and raise
alerts.

•The form of the alerts can be in form:

 SMS
 Email
 Image grab or a short video clip as an email attachment
Home
Smoke / Gas Detectors
•Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign
of fire.
•It uses optical detection, ionization or air sampling techniques to detect smoke
•
•The form of the alert can be in form :
• Signals that send to a fire alarm system
• Gas detector can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), liquid
petroleum gas (LPG), etc.
Cities

IoT applications for smart cities:

1.Smart Parking
2.Smart Lighting for Road
3.Smart Road
4.Structural Health Monitoring
5.Surveillance
6.Emergency Response
Cities
Smart Parking
•Finding the parking space in the crowded city can be time consuming and frustrating

•Smart parking makes the search for parking space easier and convenient for driver.

•It can detect the number of empty parking slots and send the information over the Internet to the
smart parking applications which can be accessed by the drivers using their smartphones, tablets,
and in car navigation systems.

•Sensors are used for each parking slot to detect whether the slot is empty or not, and this
information is aggregated by local controller and then sent over the Internet to database.
Cities
Smart Lighting for Roads
•It can help in saving energy
•
•Smart lighting for roads allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to related
conditions.

•Smart light connected to the Internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting schedules and
lighting intensity.

•Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a festival, etc.
Cities
Smart Roads
•Smart Roads provides information on driving conditions, travel time estimates and alerts in case of
poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and accidents.

•Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing traffic jams

•Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud-based applications
and social media and spread to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.
Cities
Structural Health Monitoring
•It uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and
buildings.

•The data collected from these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures.

•By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the
damages to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure.

•Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of imminent failure of the structure.
Cities
Surveillance
•Close observations of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is required to ensure safety
and security.

•City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed and Internet
connected video surveillance cameras can be created.

•The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based scalable storage
solutions.

•Cloud-based video analytics applications can be developed to search for patterns of specific events
from the video feeds.
Cities
Emergency Response
•IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure cities such as buildings, gas, and
water pipelines, public transport and power substations.
•
•IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation(collection) and sharing of
information collected from lager number of sensors.

•The alert can be in the form :

• Alerts sent to the public

• Re-routing of traffic
• Evacuations of the affected areas
Environment

IoT applications for smart environments:

1.Weather Monitoring
2.Air Pollution Monitoring
3.Noise Pollution Monitoring
4.Forest Fire Detection
5.River Flood Detection
Environment
Weather Monitoring
•It collects data from a number of sensor attached such as temperature, humidity, pressure, etc and
send the data to cloud-based applications and store back-ends.

•The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based applications.

•Weather alert can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications.
Environment
Air Pollution Monitoring
•IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of harmful gases by factories and
automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.

•The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
Environment
Noise Pollution Monitoring
•Noise pollution monitoring can help in generating noise maps for cities.

•It can help the policy maker in making policies to control noise levels near residential areas, school
and parks.

•It uses a number of noise monitoring stations that are deployed at different places in a city.

•The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud and then the
collected data is aggregate to generate noise maps.
Environment
Forest Fire Detection
•IoT based forest fire detection system use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different
location in a forest.

Each monitoring node collects measurements on related condition including temperature, humidity,
light levels, etc.

•Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage.

Environment
River Flood Detection
•IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the water level
using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using velocity sensors.

•Data from these sensors is aggregated in a server or in the cloud, monitoring applications raise
alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected.
Energy
IoT applications for smart energy systems:
1.Smart Grid
2.Renewable Energy Systems
3.Prognostics
(an advance indication of a future event)
Energy
Smart Grids

Smart grid technology provides predictive information and recommendations to

utilize, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.

Smart grid collect the data regarding :

 Electricity generation
 Electricity consumption
 Storage
 Distribution and equipment health data
Energy
Renewable Energy System
Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind),
integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems.

IoT based systems integrated with the transformer at the point of interconnection measure the
electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid

To ensure the grid stability, one solution is to simply cut off the overproductions.
Energy
Prognostics
IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict performance of machines
of energy systems by analyzing the extent of deviation of a system from its normal operating profiles.

In the system such as power grids, real time information is collected using specialized electrical
sensors called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy systems and
equipment can provide predictions for impending failures.
Retail

IoT applications in smart retail

systems:
1.Inventory Management
2.Smart Payments
3.Smart Vending Machines
Retail
Inventory Management
•IoT system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help inventory management and
maintaining the right inventory levels.

•RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in the real-time so that the inventory
levels can be determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be rejected.

•Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the warehouse.
Retail
Smart Payments
Smart payments solutions such as contact-less payments powered technologies such as Near field
communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.

NFC is a set of standards for smart-phones and other devices to communicate with each other by
bringing them into proximity or by touching them

Customer can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled smart-phones and make
payments by bringing the smart-phone near the point of sale terminals.

NFC maybe used in combination with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates initial pairing of devices to
establish a Bluetooth connection while the actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.
Retail
Smart Vending Machines

Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending machines allow user preferences to
be remembered and learned with time. E.g: when a user moves from one vending machine to the
other and pair the smart-phone, the user preference and favorite product will be saved and then that
data is used for predictive maintenance.

Smart vending machines can communicated each others, so if a product out of stock in a machine,
the user can be routed to nearest machine
Logistic

IoT applications for smart logistic systems:

1.Fleet Tracking
2.Shipment Monitoring
3.Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
Logistics
Fleet Tracking
Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the locations of the vehicles in the real-
time.

Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number of vehicles
Logistics
Shipment Monitoring
Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions inside
containers.

E.g : Containers carrying fresh food produce can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food. IoT
based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, for
instance, to monitor the conditions inside the containers and send the data to the cloud, where it can
be analyzed to detect food spoilage.
Logistics
Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
It can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending faults.

These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation such as
speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature, fault code number and status of various vehicle sub-
system.

IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the cloud
where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.
Agriculture

IoT applications for smart agriculture:

1.Smart Irrigation
2.Green House Control
Agriculture
Smart Irrigation
Smart irrigation system can improve crop yields while saving water.

Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determined the amount of
moisture on the soil and release the flow of the water through the irrigation pipes only when the
moisture levels go below a predefined threshold.

Cultivar’s RainCould is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors, and a WiFi
enabled programmable computer.
Agriculture
Green House Control
It controls temperature, humidity, soil, moisture, light, and carbon dioxide level that are monitored by
sensors and climatological conditions that are controlled automatically using actuation devices.

IoT systems play an importance role in green house control and help in improving productivity.

The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where
analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies
Industry
IoT applications in smart industry:

1.Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis

2.Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
Industry
Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of machine by analyzing the data on the
current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal operating condition

Machine diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a machine fault.

Industry
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
Harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide, etc can
cause serious health problem of the workers.

IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality using various gas
sensors.

The indoor air quality can be placed for different locations

Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the hazardous zones, so that corrective
measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation.
Health & Lifestyle
IoT applications in smart health & lifestyle:

1.Health & Fitness Monitoring

2.Wearable Electronics
Health
Health & Fitness Monitoring
•Wearable IoT devices allow to continuous monitoring of physiological parameters such as blood
pressure, heart rate, body temperature, etc than can help in continuous health and fitness
monitoring.

•It can analyze the collected health-care data to determine any health conditions or anomalies.

•The wearable devices may can be in various form such as:

• Belts
• Wrist-bands
Lifestyle
Wearable Electronics
•Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets (smart watch, smart glasses, wristbands, etc)
provide various functions and features to assist us in our daily activities and making us lead healthy
lifestyles.

•Using the smart watch, the users can search the internet, play audio/video files, make calls, play
games, etc.

•Smart glasses allows users to tae photos and record videos, get map directions

•Smart shoes can monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps with the help of embedded
sensors and be paired with smart-phone to visualize the data.

•Smart wristbands can tract the daily exercise and calories burnt.