Looping & Branching

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Controlling the Flow of the Script

• PHP scripts are a series of instructions in a file.

• PHP begins at the top of the file and executes each instruction, in
order, as it comes to it.
• However, some scripts need to be more complicated. You may
want your script to display one page to new customers and a
different page to existing customers.
• We need our code to be smarter, we need to start asking
questions, if the bank balance is positive calculate interest if
negative charge a penalty.
• Or you may need to display a list of phone numbers by executing
a single echo statement repeatedly, once for each phone number.

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Complex Statement

• PHP provides two types of complex

statements that enable you to perform tasks
like this — tasks that change the order in
which statements are executed:
• Conditional statements
• Looping statements

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Setting Up Conditions

• Conditions are expressions that PHP tests or

evaluates to see whether they are true or
false.
• Conditions are used in complex statements to
determine whether or not a block of simple
statements should be executed.
• To set up conditions, you compare values.

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Setting Up Conditions

• Are two values equal?

• Is one value larger or smaller than another?
• Does a string match a pattern?

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Conditional Statement

 Conditional statements are the set of commands used to

perform different actions based on different conditions.
  In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
• If
• Else
• Else if
• Switch

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

If Statement

 If structure is used for conditional execution of code segment.

 If something is true, then do something.
 Syntax:
if (expr)
{
Statements 
}  

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

If Statement

 <?php
if ($c > $d) 
{ 
echo "c is bigger than d"; 
}
?> 
In the above example, only if the condition "$c>$d" is true,
the message "c is bigger than d" is displayed

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

CONDITIONAL CODE

If( ){
condition
// your additional code goes here
// . . .

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

TERMINOLOGY

( parentheses
)

[ brackets
]

{ braces
}

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

CONDITIONAL CODE

true or false?
If( $d
$a
$b
$c )===
<{20
condition
==
>
!= 50
100
99 99 Code block
echo “it’s true!”;
// . . .

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

EQUALITY

If( $a == $b ){

// execute this code

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

ASSIGNMENT INSTEAD OF EQUALITY

$a = 5;
$b = 10;
If( $a = $b ){
// always true!
}

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

OPERATOR WITH =

= assignment
== equality
===strict equality

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

COMPARISON

If( $a == $b ){ …
If( $a != $b ){ …
If( $a === $b ){ …
If( $a !== $b ){ …
If( $a > $b ){ …
If( $a < $b ){ …
If( $a >= $b ){ …
If( $a <= $b ){ …
© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology
Using comparison operators

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

LOGICAL AND / OR

If( $a === $b and

&&$c === $d){…
If( $a === $b or|| $c === $d){…
If( ($a > $b) && ($c > $d) ){…

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Else Statement

 If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and

another code if a condition is false, use the if....else
statement.
 Syntax
• if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
• else
code to be executed if condition is false;

© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology

Else Statement

 <?php
$c = 10; 
$d = 20;
if ($c > $d) {
echo "C is bigger than d";
} 
else {
echo "D is bigger than c";
} 
?>
Result: D is bigger than C 
In the above example in the if the condition "$c>$d" is true then the
message "C is bigger than D" is displayed, else the message "D is bigger than
C" is displayed.
© Copyright 2017 Hidaya Institute of Science and Technology