1. Phonological processes in English include assimilation, elision, linking, intrusion, and juncture. Assimilation occurs when sounds modify each other at word boundaries. Elision is the disappearance of a sound.
2. Linking and intrusion involve inserting sounds, like /r/ or /w/, between vowels to ease pronunciation. Juncture is the attraction of consonants across word boundaries.
3. Regular past tense verbs can be pronounced with final /t/, /d/, or /id/ depending on the preceding sound. A variety of phonological rules govern how sounds assimilate or are reduced in connected speech.
1. Phonological processes in English include assimilation, elision, linking, intrusion, and juncture. Assimilation occurs when sounds modify each other at word boundaries. Elision is the disappearance of a sound.
2. Linking and intrusion involve inserting sounds, like /r/ or /w/, between vowels to ease pronunciation. Juncture is the attraction of consonants across word boundaries.
3. Regular past tense verbs can be pronounced with final /t/, /d/, or /id/ depending on the preceding sound. A variety of phonological rules govern how sounds assimilate or are reduced in connected speech.
1. Phonological processes in English include assimilation, elision, linking, intrusion, and juncture. Assimilation occurs when sounds modify each other at word boundaries. Elision is the disappearance of a sound.
2. Linking and intrusion involve inserting sounds, like /r/ or /w/, between vowels to ease pronunciation. Juncture is the attraction of consonants across word boundaries.
3. Regular past tense verbs can be pronounced with final /t/, /d/, or /id/ depending on the preceding sound. A variety of phonological rules govern how sounds assimilate or are reduced in connected speech.
1. Phonological processes in English include assimilation, elision, linking, intrusion, and juncture. Assimilation occurs when sounds modify each other at word boundaries. Elision is the disappearance of a sound.
2. Linking and intrusion involve inserting sounds, like /r/ or /w/, between vowels to ease pronunciation. Juncture is the attraction of consonants across word boundaries.
3. Regular past tense verbs can be pronounced with final /t/, /d/, or /id/ depending on the preceding sound. A variety of phonological rules govern how sounds assimilate or are reduced in connected speech.
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PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS
1. Assimilation 2. Elision 3. Linking and Intrusion 4. Juncture ASSIMILATION The term assimilation describes how sounds modify each other when they meet, usually across word boundaries, but within words too. Exs: That /ðæt/ Book /bk/
Could you pass me that book / ðæp bk/?
Some Rules for Assimilation Anticipatory Assimilation: One sound changes to another because of the sound which follows
1. The phonemes /t/, /d/ and /n/ often become
bilabial before bilabial consonants /p/, /b/, and /m/: He’s rather fat boy. (/t/ assimilates to /p/) He’s very good boy. (/d/ assimilates to /b/) there are ten men in the class, and two women. (/n/ assimilates to /m/) /t/ assimilates to /k/ before /k/ or /g/. /d/ assimilates to /g/ before /k/ or /g/:
where has that cat been all night? (/t/ assimilates to
/k/) can you see that girl over there? (/t/ assimilates to /k/) it was a very good concert. )/d/ assimilates to /g/) She’s a vey good girl. (/d/ assimilates to /g/) /n/ can assimilate to /ŋ/ before /g/ or /k/:
I’ve been going out too much lately
He’s bringing his own car
/s/ can assimilate to /∫/:
I really love this shiny over here
/z/ can assimilate to /з/ before /∫/
We found this lovely little cheese shop in Paris Coalescent assimilation: two sounds combine to form a different one /t/ and /j/ coalesce to for, /t∫/: You went to France last year, didn’t you?
/d/ and /j/ coalesce to form /dз/
would you like a cup of tea? Elision The term elision describes the disappearance of a sound. Exs: He leaves next week /neks wi:k/ (/t/ is elided)
The reason is economy of effort, and in some instances
the difficulty of putting certain consonant sound together while maintaining a regular speech rhythm and speed Some rules for elision . The most common elision in English are /t/ and /d/, when they appear within a consonant cluster. we arrived the next day. (/t/ is elided between /ks/ and /d/ When we reached paris, we stopped for lunch. (/t/ elided between / t∫/ and /p/, and between /p/ and /f/ We bought a lovely carved statutee. (d/ elided between /v/ and /st/ Complex consonant clusters are simplified she acts like she own the place! (/ækts/ can be simplified to /æks/)
Teachers use authentic texts to teach.
from (/teksts/ can be simplified to /teks/
George the Sixth’s throne /sikθs θr/ simplified to (/siks
θr/ / ә / can disappear in unstressed syllables. I think we should call the police (/ә/ can disappear) I’ll love you forever, promise. Well, perhaps, (/ә/ can disappear) It’s a question of collective responsibility. (/ә/ can disappear) Are you coming out tonight? /ә/ can disappear) That’s an interesting idea (/ә/ is not pronounced by many speakers, reducing the number of syllables in the word) Have we got any vegetables? /ә/ is not pronounced by most speakers, reducing the number of syllables in the word) /v/ can disappear in of, before consonants. My birthday’s on the 11th of November. It’s a complete waste of time! That’s the least of my worries! Linking and Intrusion: When two vowels sounds meet, speakers often link them in various ways Linking /r/ Some accents of English are described as rhotic /’reutik/, which means that when the letter r appears in the writen word after a vowel (as in car or carve) the r phoneme is used in the pronounciation of the word (as in /kα:r/ and /kα:rv/). Examples are most dialects of American English, Irish English are certain British regional accents. Other are non-rhotic, and do not pronounce the /r/, so we get /kα:? And /kα:v/. RP (Received Pronounciation) is non-rhotic) When. However, there is a written r at the end of a word and it occurs between two vowel sounds, speakers with non-rhotic accents often use the phoneme /r/ to link the preceeding vowel to afollowing one: Her English is excellent (r/ is pronounced/) Her German in absolutely awful, though. (/r/ is not pronounced My brother lives in London. (/r/ is not (pronounced) My brother always phones at the wrong time. (/r/ is pronounced) Intrusive /r/ Where two vowels sound meet and there is no written letter r, speakers with non-rhotic accents will still often introduce the /r/ phonemes in order to ease the transition. This happen when the first word ends in /ә/, /α:/ or / כ:/. Speakers with rhotic accents tend not to do this: Princes Diana was a victim of media exploitation. /әre/ The media are to blame / әra:/ it’s a question of law and order. / כ:rәn/. I saw it happen. / כ:ri/
Some speakers also let an /r/ intrude whithin words
like drawing pronouncing it as /’d כ:riŋ/ and gnawing Linking /w/ When a word ends in /u:/, or a dipthong which finishes with //, speakers often introduce a /w/ to ease the transition to a following vowel soud: Go on! /gәwan/ / gәin/ Who is? /hu:wiz/ You are /ju:wα:/ This happen because in order to form /u:/ and / /, the mouth is in more or less the same position as it is the start of the semi-vowel /w/. Juncture I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream The clock keeps ticking. /ki:ps tikiŋ/ The kids sticking thing on the wall. /ki:d stikiŋ/ That’s my train it might rain. Can I have some more ice? Can I have some more rise?
Consonants often seem to be attracted across word
boundaries: You’ll need an egg, an olive and an anchovy. (… a negg, a nolive, and a nanchovy) Put it on. (puti on) The negg, nolive and nonchovy are obviously non-words, but occasionally the coincidence of sounds can lead to examples where listeners may hear an unintended word: It’s no joke. (snow) It’s tough (stuff )
Ajimi Hendrix sing “Purple Haze: ‘Scuse me, while I kiss
the sky was heard as Scuse me, while I kiss this guy. Assimilation also play a role here, in the assimilation of the /k/ in sky to a /g/ Contractions: occur where two word combine to the extent that the two are pronounced as one word, or one syllable. These have (for the most part) become conventionalised in written language.
Exs: I’m / aim/, yu’re, he’s, she’s, we’re… ‘m not /aim nat/, you aren’t, we aren’t… Can’t /ka:nt/, won’t… Would’ve /wdәv/, could’ve… Could’t /kdnt/, wouldn’t… Past Tense Regular Verb Pronunciation [ed/..d] as [t] when preceded [ed/..d] as [d] when [ed/d..] as [id] when by voiceless sound except /t/ preceded by vowel preceded by /t/ or sounds and voiced sound /d/ or ended by /e/ except /d/ …f-as [t] laughed, coughed, …b-as robbed Wanted stuffed, sniffed, etc …∫-as [t] wished, washed, …g-as draged Planted rushed, lashed, mashed, etc ..t∫-as [t] watched, …v-as waved, saved, arrived Repeated reached, crunched, wretched …S-as [t] missed, kissed, …z as used Visited pressed …p-as [t] dropped, wiped, …dƷ as judged, begged, Loaded, shipped …k-as [t] cooked, looked, M as slammed, moved objected shocked Ŋ- as banged Tasted
