Database Programming Using Oracle 11g

Structured Query
Language Recap
Structured Query Language Basics
Select Statement

• Its only known way

to interact with
Database to retrieve
Data.

• Declarative
Language

• DRL: Data Retrieval

Language
Structured Query Language Basics

• Select distinct * | ColumnName from

TableName;

• * mean all the column

• ColumnName is one or more column from

table

• Distinct mean unique values from column

Structured Query Language Basics

Select Statement

• Assumption is
tables are created
and data is
populated
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Select Statement
Structured Query Language Basics

• Select depno from emp;

• Select distinct deptno from emp;

• Select * from emp;

• Select ename, job from emp;

Structured Query Language Basics

Select Statement

• Assumption is
tables are created
and data is
populated
Structured Query Language Basics
SQL and where
clause

• Where clause is used

to restrict number of
rows

• Required rows can

be fetch using Where
clause
• Applied at each row
of table
Structured Query Language Basics

• Select distinct * | ColumnName from

TableName where condition 1 and / or
condition 2 and / or condition 3

• Conditions can include: >, <, =, <>, AND,

OR, NOT
Structured Query Language Basics
SQL and where
clause

• If there are multiple

conditions in where
clause then at a time
only one condition
will be evaluated
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Where Clause
Structured Query Language Basics
• Table Name: Emp
• Question # 1:
• Write a query to find out list of all those
employee name who are earning more than
2500 but less than 5000.

• Question # 2:
• Write a query to find out all those employees
who are working in Dept # 20 with
designation of Analyst but not earning more
than 2000 and was hired at least 30 years
ago.
Structured Query Language Basics
• Table Name: Emp

• Question # 1:
• Write a query to find out list of all those
employee name who are earning more than
2500 but less than 5000.

• Solution:
• Select ename from emp where sal>2500 and
sal < 5000
Structured Query Language Basics
• Table Name: Emp
• Question # 1:
• Write a query to find out all those employees
who are working in Dept # 20 with
designation of Analyst but not earning more
than 2000 and was hired at least 30 years
ago.
• Solution:

• Select * from emp where deptno=20 and

Job=‘Analyst’ and sal <2000 and
hiredate<sysdate -10000
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Where Clause

• In where clause we
have recap logical
operators and
comparison
operators
Structured Query Language Basics

Wild Cards

• Wild mean any

character can be
included

• Used for pattern

matching to
approximity
Structured Query Language Basics

Wild Cards

• Two Wild Cards

• %: Zero or more
characters

• - : Exactly one
character
Structured Query Language Basics
Implementing
Wild Cards - I

• Wild Cards are

implemented using
LIKE Operator
Structured Query Language Basics
• Write a query to display list of name of all
those employees who are having either E in
the name or the name should end with G with
at least two characters but should be working
in Dept#30 and salary at least 1500

• Solution:

• select * from emp where ename like '%E%'

or ename like '%-G' and deptno=30 and sal
>=1500;
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Wild Cards - II
Structured Query Language Basics
• Write a query to display all information
about all those employees who are having ER
in the job with at least three character in job
and should be earning at least 2500 but at
most 5000 and should be with company for at
most 15 years

• Select * from emp where job like ‘%ER-%’

and sal > 2500 and sal < 5000 and hiredate
<=sysdate – 5600;
Structured Query Language Basics
Single Row
Functions

• Single row
function operator
in single row

• Return one result

per row either
Data or not Data
Structured Query Language Basics
• Round and Trunc :

• select round (194.683,1), trunc(194.683,1)

from dual;

• select ename, length(ename), instr (ename,

'A'), concat (ename,job) from emp where
instr(ename,'A')=3;

• SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',3,4)
"Substring" FROM DUAL;
Structured Query Language Basics
Group Functions
• Group functions
operate on
multiple rows

• There is one row

per group as
output

• Group functions
cannot be used in
where clause
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Group Functions-I
Structured Query Language Basics
• Write a query to display sum, minumum,
maximum and average salaries which
company is paying to its employees

• Solution:

• Select count(*), sum (sal), min(sal), max (sal),

Avg(sal) from emp;
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Group Functions-II
Structured Query Language Basics
• Write a query to display sum, minumum,
maximum and average salaries which
company is paying to its employees but
employees from Dept# 20 should not be
shown and average salaries should be less
than 1500

• Solution:

• Select count(*), sum (sal), min(sal), max (sal),

Avg(sal) from emp where deptno !=20 and
avg (sal) <=1500; - Error
Structured Query Language Basics
Group By Clause

• Group by clause
group together
similar row
together to form
group

• Groups functions
are used with
Group by clause
Structured Query Language Basics
Group By Clause

• After Select
statement only
those columns can
be displayed which
are written after
Group-by clause
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Group By Clause
Structured Query Language Basics
• What is the total salary paid by each
department
• to its employees.

• Steps to Solution:

• i. Need to group together all rows of each

department separately i-e creating groups

• ii. Need sum of salary each department -

group
Structured Query Language Basics
Structured Query Language Basics
• What is the total salary paid by each
department
• to its employees.

• Solution

 select sum(sal), deptno from emp group by

deptno;

 Column which is coming after Group by

clause can only after select clause
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Group By Clause-II
Structured Query Language Basics
 What is average and maximum salary paid to
each Job who are reporting to MGR 7839
and all the emlpoyees should have no
occurrence of K in their ename

 Solution -1

 Select Avg(sal), max(sal) from emp where

mgr=7839 and ename not like ('%K%')
group by job;
Structured Query Language Basics
 What is average and maximum salary paid to
each Job who are reporting to MGR 7839
and all the emlpoyees should have no
occurrence of K in their ename

 Solution -2:

 Select Avg(sal), max(sal) , ename from emp

where mgr=7839 and ename not like ('%K
%') group by job; - Error : Only Job
column can be shown after select
Structured Query Language Basics
Having Clause

 To restrict groups
having clause is
used.

 Equivalent to
Where clause
except having is
applied to groups
only
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Having Clause-I
Structured Query Language Basics
 Write a query to display average salary of
each department if there are at least 2
employees working in the department and
minimum salary is more than average salary
by 100

 Solution:

Select avg (sal) from emp

Group by deptno
Having count (*) > 3 and min(sal)>avg(sal)+100;
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Having Clause-II
Structured Query Language Basics
 Write a query to display maximum and
minimum salary by each department if
average salary is more than 1500 of the
department and less than 3000. The employee
should not be included if there is any
occurrence of ‘A’ in the ename or earning no
commission and is hired at least six month
before
 Structured Query Language Basics
Select max(sal) , min(sal) from emp
Where ename not like ‘%A%’ or comm is null
and months_between(sysdate, hiredate)>6
Group by deptno
Having max(sal) > 4500 and avg(sal)<1500;
Structured Query Language Basics
Order by Clause

 Use to sort data

 Can use
independent of
where or group by
or having clause
 Structured Query Language Basics

Select deptno, sal from emp

order by sal;
Structured Query Language Basics
What are Joins

 Joins are required

when data from
Multiple tables are
required.
 No of Joins = No.
Tables – 1
 Comparison of PK
and FK are
implementation
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Join-I
 Structured Query Language Basics

 Basic Join Statement:

Select empno,ename, d.deptno, dname

from emp e, dept d where d.deptno=e.deptno;

Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
Join-II
 Structured Query Language Basics
 Write a query to display list of employee name
and name of department of all those
employees who are hired at least 10 years
before and are working as Analyst

Select empno,ename, d.deptno, dname,

round(months_between(sysdate, hiredate),0),
hiredate from emp e, dept d where
d.deptno=e.deptno and months_between(sysdate,
hiredate) > 120 and job=‘Analyst’;
Structured Query Language Basics
What are Self
Joins

 When PK and FK
belong to same
table

 Same tables are

involved or written
after from
 Used in recursive
relationships
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing Self
Join-I
 Structured Query Language Basics

select e.ename,e.empno, b.ename, b.empno

from emp e , emp b, dept d
where e.empno=b.mgr
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing Self
Join-II
 Structured Query Language Basics

Write a query to display the employee name ,

employee number along with name and employee
no of to whom it is reporting of all the employees
who belong to accounting department
 Structured Query Language Basics

Solution

select e.ename,e.empno, b.ename, b.empno

from emp e , emp b, dept d

where e.empno=b.mgr and d.deptno = b.deptno

And dname = 'ACCOUNTING';

Structured Query Language Basics
Subqueries
 Query within a
query
 Select data from
criteria which is
developing on run-
time
 Alternate to Joins
Structured Query Language Basics
Subqueries

 A subquery is used
to return data that
will be used in the
main query as a
condition to
further restrict the
data to be
retrieved.
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
SubQuery - I
 Structured Query Language Basics
 Write a query to display information of all
those employees who are earning minimum
salary
 but employees are neither working as
Manager nor Clerk earning commission

SELECT ename, sal, deptno FROM emp

WHERE sal = (SELECT MIN (sal) FROM emp)
and job <> ‘Manager’ and job !=‘CLERK’ and
comm is not null;
Structured Query Language Basics

Implementing
SubQuery - II
 Structured Query Language Basics

 Write a query to display all those deptno

where minimum salary is less than average
salary of all the salary among all the employee
and location of department have at least 5
characters in it end with K
 Structured Query Language Basics

Solution:

SELECT e.deptno, MIN (sal) FROM emp e, dept

d Where d.deptno=e.deptno and loc like ('---K')
GROUP BY e.deptno HAVING MIN (sal) <
(SELECT AVG (sal) FROM emp);