I S SU E S A N D

SOC I A L
B L E M S O F
PRO N A
N I Z A T I O N I
UR B A
B A L W O R L D
GLO
C H A P T E R 12
 Before we start ...
Learning Objectives:

Differentiate the concepts of social issue and social problem.

Identify emerging social problems in a global world and determine their causes.

Analyze the effects of these social problems and issues to globalization.

 SOCIAL PROBLEMS

is any condition or behavior that has

negative consequences for large number of
people and that is generally recognized as a
condition or behavior that needs to be
addressed.
 SOCIAL ISSUE

Is a problem that influences many citizens within a society. It is a

common problem in present-day society and one that many people strive
to solve. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an
individual’s control. Social issues are the source of a conflicting opinion
on the grounds of what is perceived as morally correct or incorrect.
 01 The public must recognize the situation as a
problem.

s
The situation is against the general values

Four f a c t or 02 accepted by the society.

A large segment of the population recognizes

the problem as a valid concem.
03
The problem can be rectified or alleviated through

04 the joint action of citizens and/or community

resources.
 12.1 Global health issues
including HIV and AIDS
COMMON SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN
GLOBALIZATION
In recent years, cities around the world are seriously disturbed with communicable health risks
such as but not limited to Ebola fever, SARS, AH1N1, and many others. Just recently added to this
is the spread of the New Corona Virus (NCOV2) which became a Pandemic that locked down
almost all countries all over the world.

State monitoring particularly on returning nationals from abroad was found to be effective
mechanism to prevent the spread of such viruses. But then in the process of Globalization as
people move about so as these health threat move also thus creating health problems and social
issues among many countries.

GROUP10
 The world health organization has released a list
of 10 threats to global health in 2019. They
include:

Air pollution and climate change Ebola and high-threat pathogens

Noncommunicable diseases Weak primary care

Threat of a global influenza pandemic Vaccine hesitancy

Fragile and vulnerable settings, such as regions affected by drought and conflict Dengue

Antimicrobial resistance HIV/AIDS

 This year the novel corona virus (NCOV2) Is added to the above threats because it has evolved
already into a worldwide pandemic and continue to wreak havoc not only on health infrastructures
But on economic infrastructure as well because of lockdowns imposed by countries in order to
contain its spread.

12.1.1 WHAT IS
HIV?
HIV stands for HUMAN
IMMUNODEFFICIENCY VIRUS is the virus that
attacks cells that help the body fight infection,
making a person more vulnerable to other
infections and diseases. Without treatment, HIV can
gradually destroy the immune system and advance
to AIDS
 AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS Is the most advanced stage of HIV infection.
The spread of HIV from person to person is called HIV transmission. HIV is spread only in certain body fluids from a person who has
HIV. These body fluids include Blood, Semen, Pre-seminal fluid, Rectal fluids, and Breast milk.

In the United states, HIV is spread mainly by having anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV without using a condom or taking
medicines to prevent or treat HIV.

Sharing Injection drug equipment (works),Such as needles, with someone who has HIV, the spread of HIV from a woman with HIV to
her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding is called mother to child transmission of HIV.

On the other hand, one CANNOT get HIV by shaking hands or hugging a person who has HIV and from contact with objects such as
dishes, Toilet seats, or doorknobs used by a person with HIV. HIV is not spread through the air or in water or by mosquitoes, ticks, Or
other blood-sucking insects.

Within two to four weeks after infection with HIV, some people may have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, or rush. The
symptoms may last for a few days to several weeks. during this early stage of HIV infection, the virus multiplies rapidly.

After the initial stages of infection, HIV continues to multiply but at very low levels. More severe symptoms of HIV infection, such as
signs of opportunistic infections, generally don't appear for many years.
 A person can red u c e th e r is k o f b e in g
infected with the fo ll o w i n g g u i d e li n e s :

• Use condo m s co rrec tl y ev ery ti m e y o u h av e se x

• limit your number of sexual partners

• never share injection drug equipment

 HIV medicines, given to woman with HIV during pregnancy and childbirth and to their babies
after birth, Reduced the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Infection with HIV /AIDS needs to numerous Bodily,mental in social issues that affecting
individual and impacts on their families and communities at large. The impact of the HIV
treatment is further Aggravated by other factors such as worry about employment, sexuality, the
prospects of relationship, and the social reaction of other community members. Another impact
of HIV is the Stigma and discrimination against persons living with HIV/AIDS. Apart from
having to endure treatment with severe side-effects, they constantly must cope with rejection and
social discrimination.

GROUP10
 12.2 Sex and Gender Discrimination
Distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person’s biological sex (The anatomy of individual’s reproductive system,
and secondary sex characteristics)From that person’s gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person
(gender role) or personal identification of one’s own gender based on an internal awareness.

Sex often refresh to what doctors (and society) assign a person at birth based on their genitals. So, the division become binary
referring to being male or female. while sex is often based on biology, gender is a social construct.

According to the World Health Organization, Gender as a social construction includes norms, behaviours, and roles associated
with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as Relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to
society and can change overtime. Because there are more than two genders, it is therefore not binary but instead it is a spectrum.
Below are the most popular gender description in this spectrum.
 Gender or sex as classification is hierarchical and produces inequalities that
intersect with other social and economic inequalities.

GENDER

-based discrimination intersects with other factors of discrimination, such as ethnicity,

socio-economic status, disability, age, geographic location, gender identity and sexual
orientation, among others.

Gender or sex discrimination occurs when a person is subjected to different or unequal

treatment ("discrimination") in any number of situations, when that treatment is based
on the person's gender.
 Sex discrimination
-refers to discrimination based on the biological differences
between male and female.

Gender discrimination
-refers to discrimination based on social behavior such as
nonconformance of gender roles including sexual orientation
and gender identity discrimination.
 Gender and sex discrimination can take place in many different settings, but typically occurs most often in
the following situations:
Workplace
-Gender discrimination may be direct or indirect. Direct gender discrimination is when an employee is treating unfavorably because of their
gender. Indirect gender discrimination can occur if employers or managers hold assumptions about what sort of work women and men are
capable, or not capable, of doing.

Education
-When a child is treated less favorably on the grounds of gender, sexual orientation. Sometimes they are not given equal opportunity and
treatment because of the sex or gender. In some regions, boys‘ educational opportunities are limited by gender roles that force them to work
rather than attend school. These financial responsibilities are often increased in boys‘ adolescent years, making it difficult for them to complete
secondary school in some regions. However, in many parts of the world, girls are most often the victims of gender discrimination as they
pursue an education.

Household
–when male children are given more opportunities than their sisters. Sometimes this takes the form of giving more household chores to
female children while those having other genders such as gays or lesbians are looked down upon or totally become unaccepted
Gender stereotypes
is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be
possessed by or performed by women and men. A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits women‘s and men‘s
capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and make choices about their lives.

Gender equality
is a human right, but our world faces a persistent gap in access to opportunities and decision-making power for
women and men.

Globally, women have fewer opportunities for economic participation than men, less access to basic and higher
education, greater health and safety risks, and less political representation.

Guaranteeing the rights of women and giving them opportunities to reach their full potential is critical not only for
attaining gender equality, but also for meeting a wide range of international development goals. Empowered women
and girls contribute to the health and productivity of their families, communities, and countries, creating a ripple effect
that benefits everyone.
 12.3 Climate Change
shor t pe riod of tim e. It invo lves su ch atm os pheric
th e atm os ph ere at a pa rtic ula r place during a
Wea th er, sta te of ou d co ve r.
am ou nt), air pres sure, w in d, an d cl
om en a as te m pe ra ture , hum idi ty , pr ec ip ita tio n (type and
phen

pa rt of th e w or ld at different tim es of th e year.

rticular
Climate describes the average weather of a pa

s ac ross the w or ld . Sinc e the m id- 1800 s, hu mans

ch ange is th e lo ng-te rm sh ift in av erag e we ather pattern
Climate the air. Th is ca us es glob al
rb on dio xi de an d other gree nh ou se ga se s into
have contributed to the rele ase of ca
-te rm ch an ges to the climat e. (M et Co lle ge , 2016)t
temperatures to rise, resulting in long
 12.3.1 What are the causes?
-The luminosity, or brightness, of the Sun has been -Recognition of global climate change as an environmental issue has -It is a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by
increasing steadily since its formation. This drawn attention to the climatic impact of human activities. Most of this absorbing infrared radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and
phenomenon is important to Earth‘s climate, attention has focused on carbon dioxide emission via fossil-fuel chlorofluorocarbons. When greenhouse gases such as
combustion and deforestation. Human activities also yield releases of carbon dioxide build in the atmosphere, they act like a
because the Sun provides the energy to drive
other greenhouse gases, such as methane (from rice cultivation, livestock, blanket around the earth. When sunlight (ultraviolet
atmospheric circulation and constitutes the input for
landfills, and other sources) and chlorofluorocarbons (from industrial
Earth‘s heat budget. Low solar luminosity during radiation) hits this blanket, it passes straight through and
sources). There is little doubt among climatologists that these greenhouse
Precambrian time underlies the faint young Sun continues until it reaches the surface of the planet.
gases affect the radiation budget of Earth; the nature and magnitude of
paradox, described in the section Climates of early the climatic response are a subject of intense research activity.
Earth.

b. HUMAN c. GREENHOUSE GASES

a. SOLAR
ACTIVITIES
VARIABILITY
 12.3. 2 Effects of Climate
Change

Global climate change has already had observable effects on the

environment. Glaciers have
shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal
ranges have shifted, and trees are flowering sooner.
 12.3.3 Possible Solutions
United Nations legal instruments

A.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCC)

-"International environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.“
-It has no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries. No enforcement mechanism.
-The treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on
greenhouse gases.

B. Kyoto Protocol
-Is an international agreement that called for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions significantly.
-"Kyoto" because it was adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, when greenhouse gases were rapidly threatening our climate.

GROUP10
“At COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change
and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future.‖
“The Paris Agreement‘s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global
temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Additionally, the agreement aims to increase the ability of countries
to deal with the impacts of climate change, and at making finance flows consistent with a low GHG emissions and climate-
resilient pathway. To reach these ambitious goals, appropriate mobilization and provision of financial resources, a new
technology framework and enhanced capacity-building is to be put in place, thus supporting action by developing countries
and the most vulnerable countries, in line with their own national objectives. The Agreement also provides for an enhanced
transparency framework for action and support.‖