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L1.1 SQL (Joins)

Here are the key steps to sort joins: 1. Specify the tables to join in the FROM clause 2. Define the join condition in the WHERE clause 3. Use ORDER BY to sort the results by one or more columns This allows sorting the joined results in the desired order.

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Edmunds Larry
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26 views25 pages

L1.1 SQL (Joins)

Here are the key steps to sort joins: 1. Specify the tables to join in the FROM clause 2. Define the join condition in the WHERE clause 3. Use ORDER BY to sort the results by one or more columns This allows sorting the joined results in the desired order.

Uploaded by

Edmunds Larry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

Topics to be covered
 Foreign Key Basics

 Multiple table query (Joins)


◎ Quality assurance and standards
◎ Quality planning and control
Foreign Key Basics
Foreign Key Constraints
 Suppose we have the following schema:

Students (sid: varchar(5), name : string ,gpa : float)


Enrolled (Student__________id: varchar(5),cid:varchar(5), grade :
string)

 And we want to impose the following constraint:


“A student must appear in the Students table to enroll in a class"

Students Enrolled
sid name gpa Studentid cid grade
Foreign Key?
88999 Bob 3.2 77888 234 A
77888 Mary 3.8 77888 235 B
Declaring Foreign Keys
Example:

Students (sid: varchar(5), name : string ,gpa : float)


Enrolled (Student__________id: varchar(5),cid:varchar(5), grade :
string)

CREATE TABLE Enrolled (


student_id CHAR(20),
cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(10),
PRIMARY KEY (student_id, cid),
FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES Students(sid)
)
Foreign Keys and Update Operations

Students (sid: varchar(5), name : string ,gpa : float)


Enrolled (Student__________id: varchar(5),cid:varchar(5), grade :
string)

 What if we insert a tuple into Enrolled with no corresponding student?


 INSERT is rejected (foreign keys are constraints)!

 What if we delete a student?


SQL Joins
SQL
Example: Company and Products table

Company

Products
Joins
Example 1:

Product (PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)


Company (CName, StockPrice, Country)

 Ex: Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;


return their names and prices.
Joins
Product(PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)
Company(CName, StockPrice, Country)

 Ex: Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;


return their names and prices.

Solution:

SELECT PName, Price


FROM Product, Company
WHERE Manufacturer = CName
AND Country=‘Japan’
AND Price <= 200
Joins
Product(PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)
Company(CName, StockPrice, Country)

 Ex: Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;


return their names and prices.

SELECT PName, Price


FROM Product, Company
WHERE Manufacturer = CName
AND Country=‘Japan’
AND Price <= 200

◎ A join between tables returns all unique combinations of their tuples


which meet some specified join condition
Tuple Variable Ambiguity in Multitable

Example:

Person ( name, address, worksfor)


Company( name, address)

Which address are


we referring to?

SELECT DISTINCT name, address


FROM Person, Company
WHERE worksfor = name
Which name are
we referring to?
Tuple Variable Ambiguity in Multitable

Example:
Person ( name, address, worksfor)
Company( name, address)

SELECT DISTINCT Person.name, Person . address


FROM Person, Company
WHERE Person.worksfor = Company.name

Both equivalent ways


to solve the variable
ambiguity problem
SELECT DISTINCT p.name, p.address
FROM Person p, Company c
WHERE p.worksfor = c.name
Joins
There are two type of Joins:

 Inner Join

 Outer Join – (Includes: Left, Right, and Full Outer joins.)


Joins: Inner Join
INNER Join
 The join operation combines data from two tables by forming pairs of
related rows where the matching columns in each table have the same
value.
 If one row of a table is unmatched, the row is omitted from the result
table.
 If we want to include unmatched rows we use outerjoin.
 The Outer join retains rows that do not satisfy the join condition.
 There are three types of Outer join: Left, Right, and Full Outer joins.
Joins: Inner Join
INNER JOIN
The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching values in
both tables.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

By default, joins are INNER JOINS


Joins
Equivalents of writing basic joins
Product(PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)
Company(CName, StockPrice, Country)

SELECT PName, Price


FROM Product, Company
WHERE Manufacturer = CName
AND Country=‘Japan’
AND Price <= 200

By default, joins are INNER JOINS


Equivalent to:
SELECT PName, Price
FROM Product
JOIN Company ON Manufacturer = Cname
AND Country=‘Japan’
WHERE Price <= 200
Example of simple join operation

SELECT b.*, p.*


FROM Branch1 b, PropertyForRent1 p
WHERE b.bCity = p.pCity;

;
Resulting table:
Joins
Left Outer join
 Returns all records from the left table (table1), and the matched records
from the right table (table2).
 The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no match.

Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Joins
Left Outer join
Example: List all branch offices and any properties that are in the same
city.

SELECT b.*, p.*


FROM Branch b
LEFT JOIN PropertyForRent p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
Joins
Right outer join
 Returns all records from the right table (table2), and the matched
records from the left table (table1).
 The result is NULL from the left side, when there is no match
Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Joins
Right outer join
Example: List all properties and any branch offices that are in the same
city.

SELECT b.*, p.*


FROM Branch b
RIGHT JOIN PropertyForRent p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
Joins
Full outer join
 Returns records when there is a match in either the left or right table

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;
Joins
Full outer join
 Returns records when there is a match in either the left or right table

Example: List the branch offices and properties that are in the same city
along with any unmatched branches or properties.

SELECT b.*, p.*


FROM Branch1 b ,
FULL JOIN PropertyForRent1 p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
Sorting the Joins
How to sort joins
Example:
 For each branch office, list the numbers and names of staff who
manage properties and the properties that they manage.

SELECT s.branchNo, s.staffNo, fName, lName, propertyNo


FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo, propertyNo;

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