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 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Ministry of Higher Education
Kabul University
Physics Faculty

Programming Fundamentals
JAVA 1
Lecturer : Mohammad Qias (Mohammadi)

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 Lecture #1

Common Programming Languages

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What is program?

Collection of instruction to perform a task is called program.

A Software is a collection of programs for specific purpose.

A software may contain one or more programs.

A program is written in a programming Language.

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What is language?
Language is the way of communication.
Language is the tools for communication between two people, two
thing, or people and things.
AhmadMaryam , PC-PC , AhmadPC
There are two types of language
1- Natural language 2- Computer Language.
Natural Language: Human Readable language Dari, Pashto ,English

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What is Programming Language?

A programming language is a tool for writing a computer program.

The are Three types of computer languages.
1- Low level 2- Medium level 3- High level
Low level language is computer language which works by binary 0 and 1
Or a mnemonic symbol. It is also called machine language.
There are two types of low level languages
1- Machine language 2- Assembly languages

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What Machine language?

Machine language : It is Computer hardware language the works with 0

and 1. it does not need any translator like interpreter or compiler
Interpreter or Compiler is a translation software the converts computer
code into machine code.
Interpreter converts code line by line it takes more time of translation
than compiler.
Compiler compile the whole program at once it is faster than
interpreter.
Machine language code ex: a  97 1100001 ASCII Code.

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What is Assembly Language?

A Second generation language which works with mnemonic symbol.

For example dx001 explain a sentence code.
This assembly code is converted by assembler into machine code.
Assembler is a translation software the converts assembly code into
machine code.

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What is High level language?
A human readable language is simple and easy to understand and it is
similar to next to human readable language like English for example
COBOL,FORTRAN,C++,JAVA,C#,PHP,ASP
High level languages are similar to natural languages.
High level language is easy to learn.
High level language are designed in such a way that it detects the
errors immediately.
High level language makes development faster .
High level language is comparatively cheaper to develop.

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Fortran
Fortran Fortran (Formula Translator) was developed by IBM
Corporation in the mid-1950s .
This language was used for scientific and engineering applications
that require complex mathematical computations.
It’s still widely used and its latest versions are object oriented.

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COBOL
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed in the
late 1950s by computer manufacturers.
the U.S. government and industrial computer users based on a
language developed by Grace Hopper, a career U.S. Navy officer and
computer scientist.
COBOL is still widely used for commercial applications that require
precise and efficient manipulation of large amounts of data.
Its latest version supports object-oriented programming.

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Pascal
Research in the 1960s resulted in structured programming—
a disciplined approach to writing programs that are clearer, easier to
test and debug,
easier to modify than large programs produced with previous
techniques.
One of the more tangible results of this research was the development
of Pascal by Professor Niklaus Wirth in 1971. It was designed for
teaching structured programming and was popular in college courses for
several decades.

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ADA
Ada, based on Pascal, was developed under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) during the 1970s and early 1980s.
The DOD wanted a single language that would fill most of its needs.
The Pascal-based language was named after Lady Ada Lovelace,
daughter of the poet Lord Byron. S
he’s credited with writing the world’s first computer program in the early
1800s (for the Analytical Engine mechanical computing device. designed
by Charles Babbage).
Its latest version supports object-oriented programming.

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BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic)
A family of general purpose, high-level programming language was
developed in the 1960s at Dartmouth College to introduce novices to
programming.
They wanted to enable students in field other than science and
mathematics to use computers.
Many of its latest versions are object oriented.

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C Language
C is a general-purpose imperative computer programming language,
supporting structured programming,
Use to develop application software for computers ranging from
supercomputers to embedded system.
C was implemented in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories.
It initially became widely known as the UNIX operating system’s
development language.
Today, most of the code for general-purpose operating systems is
written in C or C++.

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C++ Language
C++,an extension of C, was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the
early 1980s at Bell Laboratories.
C++ is the Improvement version of C language.
He wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C, which
provided high-level features for program organization.
C++ provides a number of features that “spruce up” the C language,
but more important.
it provides capabilities for object oriented programming.

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Objective-C
Objective-C is an object-oriented language based on C.
It was developed in the early 1980s and later acquired by Next, which
in turn was acquired by Apple.
It has become the key programming language for the Mac OS X
operating system and all iOS-powered devices (such as iPods, iPhones
and iPads).

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Visual Basic
Microsoft’s Visual Basic language was introduced in the early 1990s to
simplify the development of Microsoft Windows applications.
VB is a programming environment from Microsoft in which a
programmer used a graphical user interface ( GUI).
Visual Basic enables developers to target Windows , Web and mobile
devices.
Its latest versions support object-oriented programming.

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Visual C #
Microsoft’s three primary object-oriented programming languages are
Visual Basic, Visual C++ (based on C++) and C# (based on C++ and
Java,
C # is a general-purpose purpose programming language class-based
and component-oriented programming disciplines.
It was developed around 2000 by Microsoft within its.
Developed for integrating the Internet and the web into computer
applications).

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PHP
PHP is an object-oriented, “open-source “scripting” language
supported by a community of users and developers and is used by
numerous websites including Wikipedia and Facebook.
PHP is platform independent—implementations exist for all major
UNIX, Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems.
PHP also supports many databases, including MySQL.

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 Thanks From Your Attention
Any Questions
&
Suggestions

Email: [email protected]
Phone: +0789152242

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