Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

Using Information Technology, 10e

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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Using Information Technology, 10e © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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Using Information Technology, 10e © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Purpose of a System
• A system is a collection of related components that
interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a
goal
• A computer-based system consists of hardware,
software, people, procedures, and data, as well as
communications setups

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Six Phases of Systems Analysis and Design

• Systems analysis and design is a six-phase problem-
solving procedure for examining an information
systems and improving it
• The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the
particular step-by-step process followed during
systems analysis and design

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Systems Development Life Cycle (Six Phases):

1. Preliminary investigation
2. Systems analysis
3. Systems design
4. Systems development
5. Systems implementation
6. Systems maintenance
• Information systems are frequently revised and
upgraded
• Steps in the cycle often overlap
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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• SDLC Phase 1: Conduct a Preliminary Investigation

• Conduct a preliminary analysis
• Describe costs and benefits
• Submit a preliminary plan with recommendations

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• SDLC Phase 2: Analyze the System

• Gather data: Interviews, questionnaires, documents,
etc.
• Analyze the data using modeling tools
• Write a report

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• SDLC Phase 3: Design the System

• Do a preliminary design
• Do a detailed design
• Write a report and get approval for next phase

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• SDLC Phase 4: Develop the System

• Develop or acquire the software
• Acquire or upgrade the hardware
• Test the system

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Phase 5: Implement the System

• Train the users
• Use the system

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• SDLC Phase 6: Maintain & Update the System

• Make changes to the system based on new
conditions
• Finalize documentation
• Note that documentation should have been continuously
maintained during the entire SDLC

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• A program is a list of instructions that the

computer must follow to process data into
information
• Programming is done during phase 4 of the SDLC
• The five steps:
1. Clarify/define the problem
2. Design the program
3. Code the program
4. Test the program
5. Document and maintain the program
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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Programming Step 2: Design the Program

• Create an algorithm, or set of clear steps, to solve
the problem
• Use structured programming approach
• Determine program logic using top-down approach and
modules, using a hierarchy chart (graphic form) and
pseudocode (narrative form)
• Use control structures:
• Sequence: one statement follows another in logical order
• Selection: IF-THEN-ELSE
• Iteration (loop): DO UNTIL / DO WHILE

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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Using Information Technology, 10e © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Programming Step 3: Code the Program

• Translate the logic requirement from flowcharts and
pseudocode into a programming language
• Select a programming language (set of rules that
tells the computer what operations to do)
• Each programming language has a syntax, or set of
grammatical rules to follow to write valid
expressions
• Syntax rules must be followed or there will be syntax errors
• Computers don’t understand what you want, only what
you type in
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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• First Generation: Machine Language

• All 0s and 1s
• Not convenient for people to read and use
• Evolution of languages started in 1945
• Second Generation: Assembly Language
• Uses abbreviations and simple words
• Third Generation: High-level Languages (Procedural
Languages)
• These languages look like English sentences
• Examples are FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Fourth Generation: Very-High-Level or

Problem-Oriented Languages
• Easier to program in than third-generation
languages
• Three types:
• Report generators (RPGIII)
• Query languages (SQL)
• Application generators (NOMAD, FOCUS)—used to
create parts for other programs

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

• Fifth Generation: Natural Languages

• Used mainly for artificial intelligence (AI) and
neural networks
• Use regular human languages

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 Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

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Using Information Technology, 10e © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.