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Introduction To PLSQL

PL/SQL is a procedural language extension of SQL used in Oracle databases. It allows programmers to write procedural code in blocks that group SQL statements, declarations, and control flow structures. Some key advantages of PL/SQL include better performance from executing SQL in bulk rather than single statements, high productivity, tight integration with SQL, full portability, and tight security. PL/SQL supports programming concepts like variables, conditions, loops, functions and procedures.

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113 views

Introduction To PLSQL

PL/SQL is a procedural language extension of SQL used in Oracle databases. It allows programmers to write procedural code in blocks that group SQL statements, declarations, and control flow structures. Some key advantages of PL/SQL include better performance from executing SQL in bulk rather than single statements, high productivity, tight integration with SQL, full portability, and tight security. PL/SQL supports programming concepts like variables, conditions, loops, functions and procedures.

Uploaded by

chamod tharusha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PL/SQL

Introduction & Architecture


What is PL/SQL?
• PL/SQL is an extension of Structured Query Language (SQL) that is
used in Oracle.
• PL/SQL allows the programmer to write code in a procedural format.
Full form of PL/SQL is "Procedural Language extensions to SQL".
Advantage of Using PL/SQL
• Better performance, as SQL is executed in bulk rather than a single
statement
• High Productivity
• Tight integration with SQL
• Full Portability
• Tight Security
• Support Object Oriented Programming concepts.
Difference between SQL and PL/SQL
SQL PL/SQL
•SQL is a single query that is used to •PL/SQL is a block of codes that used to
perform DML and DDL operations. write the entire program blocks/
procedure/ function, etc.
•It is declarative, that defines what need to •PL/SQL is procedural that defines how the
be done, rather than how things need to things needs to be done.
be done.
•Execute as a single statement. •Execute as a whole block.

•Mainly used to manipulate data. •Mainly used to create an application


What is PL/SQL block?
• In PL/SQL, the code is not executed in single line format, but it is
always executed by grouping the code into a single element called
Blocks.
• Blocks contain both PL/SQL as well as SQL instruction. All these
instruction will be executed as a whole rather than executing a single
instruction at a time.
Block Structure
• PL/SQL blocks have a pre-defined structure in which the code is to be grouped. Below are different sections
of PL/SQL blocks.
• Declaration section
• Execution section
• Exception-Handling section
Example..

set SERVEROUTPUT ON

BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line ('Hello World..');
END;
Declaring and usage of variables in the
program
declare
msg varchar(25);
BEGIN
msg := 'Hello NIBM';
dbms_output.put_line (msg);
END;
/
Comments in PL/SQL
• Commenting code simply instructs the compiler to ignore that
particular code from executing.
• Comment can be used in the program to increase the readability of
the program. In PL/SQL codes can be commented in two ways.
• Using '--' in the beginning of the line to comment that particular line.
• Using '/*…….*/' we can use multiple lines. The symbol '/*' marks the
starting of the comment and the symbol '*/' marks the end of the
comment. The code between these two symbols will be treated as
comments by the compiler.
Data types
• CHARACTER Data Type:
• This data type basically stores alphanumeric characters in string
format.
• Varchar
• char
Data types
• NUMBER Data Type:
• A NUMBER(8,2);
• B NUMBER(8);
Data types
• DATE Data Type:
• newyear DATE:='01-JAN-2015';
• current_date DATE:=SYSDATE;
IF-THEN Statement
DECLARE
a NUMBER :=10;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘Program started.' );
IF( a > 100 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('a is greater than 100');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line(‘Program completed.');
END;
/
IF-THEN-ELSE Statement
DECLARE
a NUMBER:=11;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line ('Program started');
IF( mod(a,2)=0) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('a is even number' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('a is odd number1');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line ('Program completed.');
END;
/
IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement
DECLARE
mark NUMBER :=55;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Program started.' );
IF( mark >= 70) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Grade A');
ELSIF(mark >= 40 AND mark < 70) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Grade B');
ELSIF(mark >=35 AND mark < 40) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Grade C');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Program completed.');
END;
/
Find max number among 3 numbers
DECLARE
a NUMBER :=10;
b NUMBER :=15;
c NUMBER :=20;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Program started.' );
IF( a > b)THEN
/*Nested-if l */
dbms_output.put_line('Checking Nested-IF 1');
IF( a > c ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('A is greatest');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('C is greatest');
END IF;
ELSE
/*Nested-if2 */
dbms_output.put_line('Checking Nested-IF 2' );
IF( b > c ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('B is greatest' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('C is greatest' );
END IF;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Program completed' );
END;
/
For Loop
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Program started.');
FOR a IN 1 .. 5
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(a);
END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line('Program completed.');
END;
/
While Loop
DECLARE
a NUMBER :=1;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Program started');
WHILE (a < 5)
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(a);
a:=a+1;
END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line('Program completed' );
END;
/

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