Lecture-1
Chapter-18
Temperature, Heat and The First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics: This is the study and application of
the thermal energy.
Thermal Energy: This is the energy that comes from heat
which is generated by the movement of the particles. This
is often called the internal energy.
Temperature: Temperature is the measure of the average
heat or thermal energy of the particles. One of the central
concepts of thermodynamics is temperature.
Unit: SI unit of temperature is K (Kelvin)
It is measured with a thermometer, which contains a
working substance with a measurable property, such as
length or pressure, that changes in a regular way as the
substance becomes hotter or colder.
Three popular temperature scales are Kelvin scale,
Celsius scale and Fahrenheit scale.
The relation between the 3 scales are:
The relation between temperature differences in
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales:
Absolute Zero: The lower limit of temperature is called
the absolute zero which is 0K.
Triple Point Cell
Triple Point of Water: A
temperature at which the solid
ice, liquid water and water
vapor coexist in thermal
equilibrium is called the triple
point of water.
Its value is 273.16K
Suppose that, as in following Fig (a) , we put a
thermoscope (which we shall call body T) into intimate
contact with another body (body A).The entire system is
confined within a thick-walled insulating box.
Absorption of Heats
Heat: Heat is the energy that is transferred between a
system and its environment due to the temperature
difference between them.
Heat is positive when energy is transferred to a system
and negative transferred from the system.
Units of Heat:
The relations among the various
1. Joule (J)
heat units are:
2. Calorie (cal)
1 cal=3.968×10-3 Btu = 4.1868 J.
3. British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Absorption of Heat by Solid and Liquid
Heat Capacity: The amount of heat that is absorbed
or lost by an object to change unit temperature is
called the heat capacity of that object.
Unit: cal/0C or cal/K or J/K.
Molar Specific Heat: The amount of heat that is absorbed
or lost by one mole of object to change unit temperature is
called the molar specific heat of the material of that object.
Unit: J/mol.K
Problem 23 : A small electric immersion heater is used to heat 100 g of water for
a cup of instant coffee. The heater is labeled “200 watts” (it converts electrical
energy to thermal energy at this rate). Calculate the time required to bring all this
water from 23° C to 100° C, ignoring any heat losses.
Solution:
m = 0.100 kg
P = 200 W
c = 4190 J/kg-K
Ti = 23°C = 23+273 = 296 K
Tf = 100°C = 100 +273 K= 373 K
T = Tf –Ti = 373 – 296 K=77 K
Q = cm T
P = W/t
P = Q/t
Now, t = = = = 160 sec (Ans)
Problem 24 : A certain substance has a mass per mole of 50.0 g/mol. When 314 J is added
as heat to a 30.0 g sample, the sample’s temperature rises from 25.0° C to 45.0° C. What are
the (a) specific heat and (b) molar specific heat of this substance? (c) How many moles are in
the sample?
Solution :
Given, m = 30 g = 30 10 -3 kg ; Tf = 45°C ; Ti = 25°C ; Q = 314 J
T = (45 + 273)K – (25+273)K = (45 -25 )K = 20 K
(a) Q = mcT
c = = = 523 J/kg-K
(c) Mass of sample, m = Msam 30 g = 30 10 -3 kg And [ Mass per mole, M = 50 g =50 10 -3
kg ]
So, Msam = nM
Now, number of mole, n = = = 0.600 mol
(b) Q = ncmT
cm = = = 26.2 J/mol-K
Melting: This is the process of changing a substance from
the solid state to the liquid state.
The reverse of melting is freezing.
Vaporizing: This is the process of changing a substance
from the liquid state to the vapor (gas) state.
The reverse of vaporizing is condensing.
Heat of Transformation: The amount of energy per
unit mass that must be transferred as heat when a
sample completely undergoes a phase change is called
the heat of transformation L.
𝑸
∴ 𝑳=
𝒎
Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy per unit
mass to change the phase of an object from solid to liquid is
called the latent heat of fusion.
𝑸
𝑳𝒇 =
𝒎
Unit: J/Kg or cal/gm.
Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat energy per
unit mass to change the phase of an object from liquid to gas
is called the latent heat of vaporization.
𝑸
𝑳 𝒗=
𝒎
Unit: J/Kg or cal/gm.
Problem 27 : Calculate the minimum amount of energy, in
joules, required to completely melt 130 g of silver initially at
15.0° C. Consider melting temperature of silver is 1235 K and
its specific heat capacity and latent heat of fusion are 236 J/kg-
K and 105 KJ/kg, respectively.
Q1 = mS= 236(0.130)947 = 2.91104 J
Q2 = mLf = (0.130) (105 103) = 1.36104 J
Q = Q1 +Q2 = (2.91104 + 1.36104 ) J = 4.27104 J
Problem 28 : How much water remains unfrozen
after 50.2 kJ is transferred as heat from 260 g of
liquid water initially at its freezing point?
Q = mLf
m = = = 0.151 kg
The amount of water that remains unfrozen (liquid water) = m1
– m = (0.260 – 0.151) kg = 0.109 kg
Problems for Practice:
(Chapter 18, Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition)
Absorption of Heat: 22, 25, 26, 31
22. One way to keep the contents of a garage from becoming too cold on a night
when a severe subfreezing temperature is forecast is to put a tub of water in the
garage. If the mass of the water is 125 kg and its initial temperature is C, (a) how
much energy must the water transfer to its surroundings in order to freeze
completely and (b) what is the lowest possible temperature of the water and its
surroundings until that happens?
25. A certain diet doctor encourages people to diet by drinking ice water. His theory
is that the body must burn off enough fat to raise the temperature of the water from
C to the body temperature of C. How many liters of ice water would have to be
consumed to burn off 454 g (about 1 lb) of fat, assuming that burning this much fat
requires 3500 Cal be transferred to the ice water? Why is it not advisable to follow
this diet? (One liter= cm3 . The density of water is 1.00 g/cm3 .)
26. What mass of butter, which has a usable energy content of 6.0 Cal/g (= 6000
cal/g), would be equivalent to the change in gravitational potential energy of a
73.0 kg man who ascends from sea level to the top of Mt. Everest, at elevation
8.84 km? Assume that the average g for the ascent is 9.80 m/s2 .
31. What mass of steam at C must be mixed with 150 g of ice at its melting point,
in a thermally insulated container, to produce liquid water at C?
