DIAGRAMS

AND
GRAPHS

7/18/23 05:10 AM
OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY’S SESSION

After completion of this lecture, every student will be able to

1. Explain difference between diagrams and graphs

2. Describe different types of diagrams and graphs

3. Draw diagrams and graphs

METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA

Text

Tabulation

Diagrams & Graphs

PRINCIPLES OF PLOTTING DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS

a) The correct impression must be created.

b) Diagram or graph must be given clear & comprehensive title.
c) The vertical scale should always start from zero.
d) Axes should be clearly labeled.
e) Curves must be distinct.
f) An index should be given to indicate the quantity shown by each
colour or shade.
g) If any special feature or any point is to be clarified, a footnote may
be given.
DIAGRAMS
 Bar Pie
Diagrams Diagram

Venn
Diagram

Simple

Scatter
Diagrams Diagram

Multiple
Spot map

Component
or Pictogram
Proportional
Bar- diagrams
Causes of low Maternal Lack of Systemic Congenital Multiple
birth weight malnutrition antenatal care disease of defects in pregnancy
mother children
No. of children 180 90 30 15 45
SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

The simple bar chart is used for the case of one variable only.

a) Variable is represented by thick bars of uniform width.

b) Height is proportional to the values of variable.

c) Adjacent bars are separated by a uniform gap.

d) Vertical bars are more attractive.

e) Figures are shown at the top of each bar for ready

references.
Country India Germany U.K. China New-Zealand Sweden
Birth rate 33 16 20 40 30 15
Death rate 40 8 12 30 14 16
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
The multiple bar chart is an extension of a simple bar chart when there are quantities
of several variables to be displayed.
a) Two or more bars are grouped together.
b) Used when actual values of component only are required & overall total is of no
importance.
c) Component fig. is shown by separate bars adjoining each other.
d) Height of each bar represents the actual value of component.
e) Use different colours or shades to differentiate components.
 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
No. of Ward A 200 210 170 180 210 215
patients
Ward B 150 170 150 160 180 190
SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

a) The bars may be divided into two or more parts.

b) Components are measured in original units & total phenomenon is
represented by vertical bar
c) It’s components are shown by proportional heights of the same bar.
d) This diagram divides the bar; hence it is called as sub-divided bar
diagram.
e) Different parts are shown by different colours or different shades.
f) Index is given to explain the use of colours or shades.
 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
No. of Ward A 200 210 170 180 210 215
patients
Ward B 150 170 150 160 180 190
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM

a) Percentage Bar Diagram is same as sub-divided bar diagram.

b) In Sub-divided Bar Diagram actual values are used, & in Percentage
Bar Diagram percentages are used.
c) All bars are having equal height & it is equal to 100.
d) Total phenomenon is represented by vertical bar, which is divided into
different segments according to percentages.
e) Different parts are shown by different colours or different shades.
f) Index is given to explain the use of colours or shades.
 POPULATION PYRAMID

Source: CIA World Factbook -

PIE DIAGRAM

a) A pie diagram will carry the proper impressions more easily in cases
where there are more than 3 components.
b) It is also called an angular diagram.
c) It is a circle, divided by radial lines, into sections called sectors (like
slices of a cake or pie, hence the name).
d) The area of each section is proportional to the size of the figure
represented by it.
e) Angle = X 360
VENN DIAGRAM

a) It shows the degrees of overlap and exclusivity for two or more

characteristics or factors within a sample or population.

b) Each characteristic is represented by a circle.

c) The sizes of circles need not be equal.

d) Size of circle may represent the relative size for each factor or
population
LINE DIAGRAM

• This is a frequency polygon, presenting variations by a line.

• It shows the trend of an event, occurring over a period of time –

rising, falling or showing fluctuations such as of cancer deaths, infant
mortality rate, birth rate, death rate etc.

• Vertical scale may not start from zero.

• Shape of line chart may alter with the change of scale, but trend
indicated remains same.
SCATTER OR DOT DIAGRAM

• This is also called as correlation diagram.

• By using this diagram we can say that whether there is any

association or correlation (either positive or negative) between two
variables, or they are independent.

• Only points are plotted on graph paper and depending upon the
trend of those points, we get the type of correlation.
SPOT MAP
PICTOGRAM
PICTOGRAM

• A popular method of presenting data to the lay man who cannot

understand orthodox charts.

• Each picture indicates some constant number of happenings

GRAPHS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS

• There is no clear-cut line of demarcation between a diagram and a

graph yet -

• A graph needs a graph paper but a diagram can be drawn on a

plain paper. In the technical way we can say that a graph is a
mathematical relation between two variables. This however is not
the case of a diagram.
• As diagrams are attractive to look at, they are used for publicity
and propaganda. Graphs on the other hand are more useful to
statisticians and research workers for the purpose of further
analysis.

• For representing frequency distribution, diagrams are rarely used

when compared with graphs. For example, for the time series
graphs are more appropriate than diagrams.
 Scatter
Histogram
diagram

Frequency Line
Polygon diagram

Graphs

Frequency Epidemic curve

curve

Ogive
Box plot
curves
HISTOGRAM
HISTOGRAM

a) Histograms are area diagrams.

b) Area is directly proportional to height (frequency of a class) &

width (class interval).

c) In histograms, there will be no space in between rectangular

blocks.

d) Data must be tabulated into continuous classes.

(i.e. exclusive classes)

CONSTRUCTION OF HISTOGRAM:

i) Consider class intervals along X-axis.

ii) Plot corresponding frequencies (i.e. number of observations) on Y-

axis.

iii) Rectangles are drawn in such a way that area of rectangle is

proportional to frequency of a class.

iv) If class intervals are unequal, heights of rectangles must be

adjusted, by making assumption that all frequencies distributed
uniformly throughout each class.
CONSTRUCTION OF HISTOGRAM FOR UNEQUAL
CLASS WIDTH
i) Assume a class with smallest width as a normal class & it’s width as a normal class
width.

ii) Since area = width X height ; If width is double, frequency is dived by 2.

If width is three times, frequency is dived by 3 & so on.

Iv) Thus obtain frequency densities.

v) If classes are of inclusive type, then correct it into exclusive.

vi) Draw rectangles according to width as class interval and height equal to frequency
densities.
FREQUENCY POLYGON

Frequency polygon is an area diagram of frequency distribution

developed over a histogram.

Construction of frequency polygon:

i) Consider mid-points of classes along X-axis & frequencies along Y-
axis.

ii) Plot the points corresponding to X-co-ordinate as mid-point & Y-

co-ordinate as frequency.

iii) Join these points by straight line to get a polygon.

FREQUENCY CURVE

It is also an area diagram of frequency distribution.

Construction of frequency curve:

i) Consider mid points of classes along X-axis & frequencies on Y-
axis.
ii) Plot the points corresponding to X-co-ordinate as mid-point &
Y-co-ordinate as frequency.
iii) Join these points by smooth curve to get a frequency curve.
OGIVE CURVES
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVES (OGIVE CURVES)

Since there are two types of cumulative frequencies, we get two types of ogive
curves.- a) Less than ogive & b) greater than ogive.
Construction of ogive curves:
i) Consider upper class limits (lower class limits) along X-axis, & less than
frequencies (greater than frequencies) on Y-axis.
ii) Plot the points corresponding to X-co-ordinate as upper class limit (lower
class limit) & Y-co-ordinate as less than frequency (greater than frequency).
iii) Join these points by smooth curve to get a less than (greater than) ogive
curve.
EPIDEMIC CURVE

• Epidemic curve is useful to determine outbreak characteristics like

peak of disease occurrence, possible incubation or latency period and
type of disease propagation.

• Epidemic curve depicts the time course of an illness, disease,

abnormality or condition in a defined population and in a specified
location and time period.
CONSTRUCTION OF EPIDEMIC CURVE:

i) Take time interval on X-axis

ii) Consider number of cases on Y-axis.
iii) Plot the points corresponding to X-co-ordinate as time interval
& Y-co-ordinate as no. of cases.
iv) Join these points by smooth curve to get a epidemic curve.
BOX PLOT

• These are used to compare different distributions of data sets.

• The Y-axis may be arithmetic or logarithmic.

• It tells us about the symmetry of the distribution and also gives us

the idea about the highest and the lowest values.
CONSTRUCTION OF BOX-PLOT

  i)    The line inside the box indicates the median.

 ii)   The left side of this box indicates the lower quartile (Q1).
 iii)   The right side of this box indicates the upper quartile (Q3).
 iv)   A straight line is then drawn from the lowest value of this
distribution through the box to the highest value of this distribution. This
horizontal straight line is called the "Whiskers".
Questions
Thank
you!