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Sem 6 - ADS511

The document discusses research methods for measuring concepts and collecting data, emphasizing the importance of clearly defining concepts, identifying appropriate indicators, and using valid and reliable measurement scales tailored to the concept being studied. It also covers questionnaire design and construction to efficiently obtain structured yet meaningful data from respondents.

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Nasirah Md Isa
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39 views15 pages

Sem 6 - ADS511

The document discusses research methods for measuring concepts and collecting data, emphasizing the importance of clearly defining concepts, identifying appropriate indicators, and using valid and reliable measurement scales tailored to the concept being studied. It also covers questionnaire design and construction to efficiently obtain structured yet meaningful data from respondents.

Uploaded by

Nasirah Md Isa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Method

&
Analysis Data
S E M IN AR 6

BY
DR AZ M A AS N AWI S HAH B. HJ. A BD.
HAK IM
Exercise: Measurement

 Time : 10 minutes.
 Groups : 3-4 students

Define the concept:


Adoption of ICT - what it is and is not.

Identify Indicators:
What will show adoption of ICT? What you can see, sense, hear and therefore, count,
weigh, assess or in short, measure adoption?
Research Methods: Measurement
Type of Measurement
 Quantitative or qualitative
 Number of response categories
 Single or multiple measures
 ratio scales (categories)
- Gender (male / female)

 interval scales ( category order and spacing of Equal intervals)


- Intelligence tests scores, Temperature, ‘0’ has a value

 ordinal scales (category & order)


- Educational qualification (PhD, Master, Bachelor, Diploma)

 nominal scales (category order and A zero point)


- Age, weight, ‘0’ has no value
Research Methods: Measurement

Examples:
General information
1. Are you happy Yes No with 2 response
categories

2. Are you happy Very happy


Better information
Happy quality with more
choices of 4 response
Unhappy
categories
Very
unhappy
Research Methods: Measurement

Likert Scale question

 Eg. Important things in your life


Research Methods: Measurement

Semantic Differential

5 4 3 2 1
5 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 = 20
Lowest = 6- Poor/Low
Highest = 30 Good/High
Research Methods: Measurement

Some advice:
 Use existing measures – performance & properties you known
 More items/indicators/measures – better result

 More response options – better but too many is problematic

 Ecologically meaningful – everyday measures, respondents can relate

 Objective & subjective indicators – mix better

 Qualitative measures – understanding


•Will I get back my
questionnaires?
 Quantitative measures – analysis and • What can I do to maximize
comparison return?
Research Methods: Measurement

1. Think when you are considering the measurement:


2. What should I think about?
3. Think about:
1. What is the definition?
2. Is there a ready measure?
3. Is “good”?
4. Should I design?
5. What type of measure?
6. Would it make it easy to analyse?
7. Quality of information/data • Ready made vs. self
8. Ecological suitability developed?
• How do we decide on the
goodness of measure?
Research Methods: Data Collection

 How will you get the data from the respondents – the specific
sample/units who you have selected to be included in the study.

Generally we can do this by;


1. Questionnaire: a pre-structured series of questions to solicit response from
respondents. Could be personally delivered, mailed or web-based.

2. Interviews: a purposive dialogue with the respondent. Could be structured or


unstructured.

3. Observations: Collection of data from a scene or setting by the researcher


with or without instruments. Could be participant or non-participant.
Research Methods: Data Collection

1. Questionnaire:
• Good for getting more objective, simple and well understood issues
and problems.
• Can reach many within a short time – efficient.
• Easier to code and analyse because the data is pre-structured
• Response rate low
• Restricts response
• Assumes some level of literacy of language and terms
• Cannot be sure who the actual respondent is
• Cannot be too long – low response
Research Methods: Data Collection

 Questionnaire - A pre-formulated written set of questions to


which respondents records answers, usually with closely

 Alternative methods:

 Mail questionnaires
 Personally administered questionnaires

 Email questionnaires (eg. survey monkey)


Research Methods: Data Collection

Questionnaire design:
i. Cover letter
 purpose of the study (objectives of research)
 who you are

 who should answer

 assurance (info about respondence)

 what to do with it

 appreciation for cooperating

 who to contact if needed (Researcher, supervisor/s)


Research Methods: Data Collection

Questionnaire design:
ii. Questionnaire proper:
 Only include necessary questions
 Properly subdivided into sections (Part A, Part B etc.)

 Clear answering instructions

 Clear correct questions or statements

 Ease of recording responses (space to provide answer)

 Adequate answering space if open ended


Research Methods: Data Collection

Question construction:
 Simple language and short question:
I enjoy my work , My professional engagements are immensely joyful

 Avoid socially desirable questions


Do you think that the old must be taken care of?

 No double barreled questions


Do you think there is a good market for the products and it will sell well?
 No leading questions
Do you think that in today high cost living, employees should be given good
pay rises?

 No loaded questions
To what extent do you think management is likely to be cruel if the union
decide to go on strike?
- 2 questions; i. Employees want to go for strike
ii. Employees fear of management reaction if they go on strike

 Good sequencing

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