Research Method

&
Analysis Data
S E M IN AR 7

BY
DR AZ M A AS N AWI S HAH B. HJ. A BD.
HAK IM
 Research Methods: Data Collection

Questionnaire design:
 short questions / shorter questionnaire better

 mix negative & positive statements

 label all choices provided

 professional look and reasonable size font

 use lightly coloured paper if possible

 have a means of identifying the respondent for administrative purposes (ref. no for each

respondence)
 provide incentives to respond (token / stamped return envelope)

Pilot testing of questionnaire:

 a few typical respondents

 check for clarity of questions/items and instructions.

 Research Methods: Data Collection

Questions to avoid:
i. Double barrel questions:
• Our employees and customer like your product.
• If you like our products would you buy it?
ii. Leading questions:
•Would you not agree that Dr Zombie was a good leader?
iii. Social desirable questions
•Would you consider the opinions of your employees before making this
decisions?
iv. Loaded questions
• Democracy and human rights are basic to civilization
 Research Methods: Data Collection

Observation:
- Involves going into natural setting of people, watching what they do, and
describe and analyse what one has seen.

 Process of recording pertinent stimuli from the research subject and

setting:

 Participant observation (researcher involved in phenomenon studied)

 Non-participant observation (researcher is not involved)

 Structured and unstructured observation (provide specific place)

 Means of observation
 filming, videotaping, voice recording
 openly or candidly
 Research Methods: Data Collection

Interview:
 Interactive process of obtaining reactions through a dialogue with a
subject.
 Methods: Face to face, telephone, online, email

i. Unstructured
 no planned sequence of questions
 general ideas explored from surface to depth investigation

Eg; “Tell me briefly about the units in your organization, in terms of

work, employees and elements you think is important?”
 Research Methods: Data Collection

ii. Structured interviews

 Planned set of questions to every respondents

 Information needed is clearly identified

 Visual aids / product materials may be used solicit response

 Allows for comparison among interviewees

 Research Methods: Data Collection

 Good administrative principles

• interview guide
• interviewer given adequate information
• recording arrangements and backup (voice /visual recording)

 Go from general to specific questions

• get data or information
• clarify terminologies or concepts
• probe further, seek reasons or explanations
• seek to understand motivation, drivers, perspectives, paradigms,
philosophy, ideology, worldview, mental models etc.
 Research Methods: Data Collection

 How would you examine the data to fulfill the research objectives?

 State the statistical techniques to be used and why

i.e. correlation, regression etc.

 state how you would check the assumptions

 State the reliability and validity testing that you will undertake

i.e. The value of Cronbach alpha

 Findings/Results

 Present a simple but relevant profile of the respondents

 Use the research objectives as guide in presenting the findings.

 State what the data says about the issues in the research objectives

 Relates the finding to the literatures (agree / oppose)

 Stick to mainly explaining the findings in relation to the objectives.

 Do not discuss the implications of the findings yet

 Findings/Results

Structure the Findings/Results chapter:

1. Introduction – preview of the chapter contents
2. Profile of the respondents/units of analysis
3. Explain cleaning of data carried out & reverse code where necessary
4. Perform reliability analysis
5. Compute the variables from the items
6. Test for normality, linearity and homogeneity of variance if groups
analysis is to be performed
7. Present means, Std dev, Min , Max, reliability and correlation between
all variables.
8. Carry out hypothesis testing
9. Conclude the hypotheses testing - summary
 Discussion and Conclusion

DISCUSSION:

 Briefly restate the findings for each major research questions and the
associated findings
 Examine what it means to the existing body of evidence/knowledge
 Is the findings different or similar to other scholars?
 Explore, speculate or look for possible reasons why the findings were
different of similar
 What do the findings mean for practitioners / field of study?
 How can others research further this issue?
 Discussion and Conclusion

CONCLUSIONS

 State concisely but accurately what the study has shown,

demonstrated or supported.
 Don’t overstress the points again.
 Relate to the research questions you started with.
 Don’ts contradict with your earlier stated statements
 Discussion and Conclusion

LIMITATIONS:

 Is there is risk to generalisation of the results?

 Who and what this study will not apply
 Honestly, address the design choices that limit the results to all
situations.
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