HSET 1

Parts of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adverb
5. Adjective
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
Nouns

♥ Persons, places, or things

(woman, city, tree) 
♥ Concepts or ideas (love, trust,
communism) 
♥ Quality, property, or condition
(strength, blackness, apathy)
Classification of Nouns

♥ Common Noun
♥ Proper Noun
Special Classes of Nouns
♥ Concrete noun - can be perceived with the 5
senses
♥ Abstract noun - cannot be readily perceived by
the 5 senses
♥ Collective noun - collection of a group of
similar things
♥ Mass noun - very rarely plural. Never used
with a/an
♥ Compound noun - made up of 2 or more words
forming a unit
Gender of Nouns:

1. Masculine - male sex

2. Feminine - female sex
3. Common - uncertainty of
sex, either male or female
4. Neuter - object without sex
Number of Nouns

1. Singular – one object only

2. Plural – two or more objects
Rules on Pluralization
♥ Most nouns add –s
 cat → cats, door → doors
♥ Nouns ending with sibilant
sound (ch, sh, s, x, z) add –es
 church → churches, box →
boxes
♥ Nouns ending in consonant + y,
change -y to -i before adding –es
 ally → allies, body → bodies,
ability → abilities
♥ Nouns ending in vowel + y,
vowel, add –s
 alley → alleys, boy → boys,
display → displays
♥ Nouns ending in consonant and -o,
mostly add –es
 mango → mangoes, cargo → cargoes
♥ Nouns ending in a vowel and -o, add
–s
 radio → radios, cameo → cameos
♥ Some nouns ending in -o following a
consonant, just add -s (some musical
terms)
 piano → pianos, soprano → sopranos
♥ Nouns ending in -f, no fixed rules.
 belief → beliefs, thief → thieves
♥ Nouns ending in –ff/-ffe, add -s.
 staff → staffs, giraffe → giraffes
♥ Nouns ending in fe -> ves
 life → lives, knife → knives
♥ ending in f with multiple accepted
forms
 dwarf → dwarfs/dwarves, hoofs →
hoofs/hooves
Irregular plurals
♥ foot → feet, child → children, deer →
deer, die → dice, status → status
♥ some Latin origin ending in –us change
to –i, cactus → cacti
♥ some Latin origin ending in –a add –e,
antenna → antennae
♥ some Latin origin ending in –um change
to –a, memorandum → memoranda
♥ Collective nouns – singular if
taken as one, plural if individual
members
♥ Proper names, mostly add –s,
those ending in a sibilant sound
add –es. Reyes → Reyeses
♥ Plural of hyphenated compound
words, find principal word.
♥ A number vs. The number
Give the Pluralization
• sugar • sugar
• goose • geese
• bench • benches
• church • churches
• Reyes • Reyeses
• mouse • mice
• blouse • blousea
• ox • oxen
• ax • axes
• water • water
Give the Pluralization
• tomato • tomatoes
• foot • feet
• echo • echoes
• mosquito • mosquitoes
• statue • statues
• country • countries
• wolf • wolves
• video • videos
• party • parties
• Pepito • Pepitos
Pronouns

♥ The pronoun must agree

with its antecedents in
number, person, and gender.
Examples
♥ Cynthia found her wallet the other day.
(The pronoun HER is used because Cynthia
is a girl/woman.)
♥ The students submitted their projects last
Friday.
(The pronoun THEIR is used because
students is a common gender─ may either be
MALE or FEMALE students is plural in
number.)
 Subjective Case (doer)
Person Singular Plural
First Person
I We
(Speaker)
Second
Person
You You
(Spoken
To)
Third
Person
He, she, it They
(Spoken
About)
 Objective Case (receiver)
Person Singular Plural
First Person
Me Us
(Speaker)
Second
Person
You You
(Spoken
To)
Third
Person
Him, her, it Them
(Spoken
About)
 Possessive Case
Person Singular Plural
First Person
Mine Ours
(Speaker)
Second
Person Yours Yours
(Spoken To)
Third Person
(Spoken His, hers, its Theirs
About)
 Possessive Adjective
Person Singular Plural
First Person
My Our
(Speaker)
Second
Person
Your Your
(Spoken
To)
Third
Person
His, her, its Their
(Spoken
About)
 Reflexive Pronouns
Person Singular Plural
First Person
Myself Ourselves
(Speaker)
Second
Person Yourself Yourselves
(Spoken To)
Third
Himself,
Person
herself, themselves
(Spoken
itself
About)
Use the masculine or rewrite the
sentence if the gender is not specified.

♥ Examples:
 A loser should accept his defeat
sincerely.
 A loser should accept the defeat
sincerely.
 Losers should accept their defeat
sincerely.
Who vs. Whom
♥ Who - refers to persons when they are
the doer of the action, or the subject
 The girl who won was very happy.
♥ Whom - refers to persons when they
are the receiver of the action, or the
object
 I am going out with the Belgian whom I
met yesterday.
♥ Who
 Subject → subjective pronoun

The girl who won was very

happy.
She was very happy
♥ Whom
 Object → objective pronoun

I am going out with the Belgian

whom I met yesterday.
I am going out with him.
Provide the appropriate pronoun
for each of the sentences.
1. As soon as the cock crowed, Berto fixed
_____ bed and went downstairs.
2. Because he was orphaned at such a
young age, Mr. Chan had to send _________
to school.
3. The athletes emptied _______ lockers last
week.
4. Our Siamese cat loved to scratch and lick
______.
5. Lara, have______ finished your
homework?
6. After mending the hem of her skirt, Mrs.
Perez put ____ on.
7. All of Ralph’s paintings on exhibit feature
_____ own family and friends.
8. Dad and I finished breakfast; then _______
walked uptown to the museum while I went
to my friend’s house.
9. Has either of Rick’s brothers received
_____ allowance?
10. The varsity team coach told the players
that _______ have to practice harder.
11. Donate today, and help the victims of
the earthquake in Japan rebuild ______
homes.
12. The actress frowned at _________ in the
mirror.
13. The residents put ______ signatures on
the document.
14. Each of the companies has ______ own
auditor.
15. If any of the priests needs my help, _____
may call me.
Choose the appropriate pronoun
for each of the sentences.
1. The winner is (her, she).
2. He hopes that you do not mind (his, him) going
out with your best friend.
3. The girl (who, whom) won was very happy.
4. I am going out with the Belgian (who, whom) I
met yesterday.
5. Our classroom adviser gave Martha and (I, me) a
surprise birthday party.
6. Either Emmanuel or (I, me) will provide the
punch.
7. The winner is (I, me).
8. This is (I, me).
9. It was (I, me) who went to bed late last night.
10. Teacher: “Is (this, these) the answer?”
11. Student: “Yes, Sir. (That, Those) is the
answer!”
12. Paul plays basketball better than (I, me).
13. The teacher praised me more than (they,
them).
14. Anne is as beautiful as (she, her).
15. I put my wallet in my bag, but now I
cannot find (it, the bag).
 Modifiers
(Adjectives and Adverbs)
Adjectives
♥ describes or limits a noun or pronoun

1. Descriptive Adjective – state some

quality or condition
 The beautiful girl played the violin.
 The Catholic priest started the mass.
 Japanese food is my favorite.
2. Limiting adjective – says quantity,
number, or a limit to the word it
modifies.
Examples:
♥ My mom gave me five hundred pesos.
♥ She won first place.
♥ He ate an apple.
Degrees of Comparison
1. Positive degree – when there is no comparison
2. Comparative degree – when there is two
3. Superlative degree – when there is three or
more
Examples:
good better best
bad worse worst
big bigger biggest
Adverbs

♥ Modifies a verb, an adjective,

and another adverb
Examples:
 He drives slowly
 She is very hungry.
 You did very well.
Some common mistakes
♥ Good vs. Well
 Good is an adjective, well is an
adverb
♥ Double negative
 You don’t know nothing
♥ Double superlative
 I am the most hungriest
Spot the error
(adjectives and
adverbs)
1.The mangoes I bought taste
sourly.
2.This table there is big.
3.Of the three students, Sam is the
better.
4.Which mountain is tallest, Mt. Apo
or Mt. Everest?
5.Emmanuel did not feel good after
the Holy Week vacation.
6. Erica didn’t change nothing with her
appearance.
7. Irish is the most cutest girl in class.
8. The student performed bad in the
exam.
9. Her cellular phone is more
expensive than Paul.
10. We couldn’t hardly see the
approaching ship due to the thick fog.
 Verbs
expresses action, condition, state
of being.
Kinds of Verbs

1. Action Verbs
♥ Are verbs that show action or
movement.
Examples: (dance, kick, sing, etc.)
 She wrote a short story last year.
 Joshua studies his lessons well.
2. Linking Verbs
♥ Are verbs that show condition or state of
being.
Examples: (is, are, was, were, am, look,
get, grow, etc.)
 Barbara is very happy.
 That house looks creepy.
 Those books are mine.
3. Auxiliary Verbs
♥ Are verbs which appear with the main
verb to form verb phrases.
Examples: (will, shall, would, could, can,
may, might, etc.)
 Have you seen the new kittens?
 I shall write a letter for you.
 He is cleaning the classroom.
Voices of verbs

♥ Active voice - subject is doer

or performer of action
♥ Passive voice - subject is
receiver of action
Principal Parts of a Verb

♥ Present, present participle,

past, past participle
Example:
♥ go, going, went, gone
♥ sing, singing, sang, sung
♥ write, writing, wrote, written
 Tenses of Verbs
shows when an action occurs
Simple Present Tense
- now, continuous, habitual

ACTIVE PASSIVE
basic form of am/is/are + past
verb/infinitive participle
I eat breakfast Breakfast is eaten by
everyday. me everyday.
Simple Past Tense
- happened before now

ACTIVE PASSIVE
was/were + past
-ed, 2nd form participle
The food was eaten by
I ate food. me.
Simple Future Tense
- happened after now

ACTIVE PASSIVE
will/shall + past
will/shall + infinitive participle
I will eat my breakfast Later, breakfast will
later. be eaten by me.
Exercise:
1. He will bring his parents later.
2. Rachel was absolutely happy.
3. The sun radiates energy.
4. Eric talked with James on the
bench.
5. I am usually punctual.
6. Here they come.
7. Chen will meet me tomorrow.
8. We postponed our trip yesterday.
Present Progressive Tense
- currently happening in a
chunk of time
ACTIVE PASSIVE
am/is/are + present am/is/are + being +
participle past participle
A song is being sung
I am singing a song. by me.
Past Progressive Tense
- happened before now, in a
chunk of time
ACTIVE PASSIVE
was/were + present was/were + being +
participle past participle
I was singing Yesterday, a song was
yesterday. being sung by me.
Future Progressive Tense
- happened after now, in a
chunk of time
ACTIVE PASSIVE
will/shall + be + will/shall + be +
present participle being + past particple
Tomorrow, I will be Tomorrow, cake will
eating cake for be being eaten for
breakfast. breakfast by me.
1. Paul was making a breakfast meal this
morning.
2. My uncle is building a sailboat.
3. Jose was being careful with his
relationship with Anne.
4. Matthew will be visiting his Grandma in
Tarlac during Christmas vacation.
5. Mom and Dad are setting the table
together.
6. I will be dancing with Chen tonight.
7. I am washing the dishes.
8. He will be writing us soon.
Present Perfect Tense
- action started in the past,
until now in the present

ACTIVE PASSIVE
am/is/are + past has/have + been +
participle past participle
I am done with my My homework has
homework. been done by me.
Past Perfect Tense
- action happened before a
second action in the past

ACTIVE PASSIVE
had been + past
had + past participle participle
My dinner had been
I had eaten before I eaten by me before I
finished my work. finished my work
Future Perfect Tense
- future time when action is
already done

ACTIVE PASSIVE
will/shall + have + will/shall + have been
past participle + past participle
By 2023, my grade
I will have graduated school will have been
by 2023. finished by me.
1. Cris has worked in the office for
two days now.
2. I will have risen when the rooster
crow.
3. The woman fainted after she had
read the news.
4. They will have arrived home by
the time you sleep.
5. George has washed the dishes
already.
Present Perfect Progressive
- ongoing action that started
in the past, until the
presennt
ACTIVE
has/have been + present participle
The strength of this pandemic has been
puzzling medical experts for months now.
Past Perfect Progressive
- ongoing past action that
was interrupted by a second
past action.
ACTIVE
had been + present participle
The survivors of the shipwreck had been
fighting for their lives when the rescuers
arrived.
Future Perfect Progressive
- ongoing future action that
is already finished at a
future time.
ACTIVE
will/shall have been + present participle
By the year 3000, people will have been
inhabiting other planets for many years.
1. I had been searching for answers
when my teacher arrived.
2. The researchers have been working
on that for a year now.
3. When I dance at the party tomorrow,
I will have been enjoying it for the
rest of my life.
4. Rose has been watching that show
since last month.
5. Eric will have been starting the
project by the time Andrea comes.
 Commonly
Confused Verbs
Bring - move toward
Take - move away

Hang - attach to something above

Hang - be put to death

Present Past Past Participle

hang hung hung
hang hangedhanged
Learn - to gain knowledge or
skill
Teach - to help someone
learn

Let - to allow or to permit

Leave - to go away from or to
allow something to remain
Lie - to rest in a flat position
Lay - to place something
Lie - tell an untruth

Present Past Past Participle

Lie LayLain
LayLaid Laid
Lie Lied Lied
Rise - to go upward
Raise - to make something go
up

Present Past Past Participle

Rise Rose Risen
RaiseRaised Raised
Sit - to occupy a seat
Set - to place in position

Present Past Past

Participle
Sit Sat Sat
Set set Set
Subject-Verb
Agreement
1. The verb generally agrees with its
subject in person and number.
Example: The actor greedily asks too
high a salary.

2. A verb should not agree with a noun

that intervenes between it and the
subject.
Example: The child, as well as his
cousins, was in trouble.
3. Singular pronouns require
singular verbs. Plural
pronouns require plural verbs
Examples:
► One of you is mistaken.
► Several of you are coming
with the teacher.
4. Nouns plural in form but
singular in meaning require a
singular verb.
Example: Mathematics is my
weakest subject.
5. Some nouns are always plural.
Example: The stairs are
winding.
6. Subjects plural in form that indicate
a quantity or number require a singular
verb. An amount or measurement is
regarded as a unit.
Examples:
► Four-fifths of the pool is filled.
► Two times two is four.
► Five cups of flour is needed in the recipe.
7. Compound subjects or two
or more subjects joined by
“and” require a plural verb.
But, two subjects forming a
unit are singular.
► Both Bob and Mark are
skipping class.
►Mac and cheese is my favorite.
8. Subjects joined by “or” or “nor”,
“either…or” or “neither…nor”, the
verb agrees with the nearer subject.
Examples:
► Neither Melissa nor her classmates
are coming to the party.
► They or I am liable for damages.
► Either of the boys is going to be her
date for the prom.
9. A verb does not agree with the noun in the
predicate.
Examples:
►The best part of the children’s party is the ice
cream and cake.
►The ice cream and cake are the best part of a
children’s party.
10. After the expletive “there”, the verb is
singular or plural depending on the subject
that follows.
►There are strong sentiments in his favor.
►In the field, there stands a towering tree.
11. A collective noun takes a singular verb
when the group is regarded as a unit, plural
when the group members are regarded
separately.
Examples:
► The jury is going to reach a verdict soon.
► The jury have ordered their suppers and
are going to eat them in the jury room.
► The family was named Miller.
► The family were seated at the dinner table.
12. Titles are always singular.
Example: “Ali Baba and the Forty
Thieves” is one of my favorites.
13. “The number” talks about a specific
number and is singular. “A number” talks
about an estimate of a plural quantity.
Example:
 The number of attendees is 100.
 A number of students showed up in
front of the principal’s office.
Indefinite pronouns
 Doesn’t refer to a particular person or
group of persons
1. Singular or plural indefinite pronouns
all enough most plenty
anymore none some
Most of the pizza was eaten.
Most of the students were absent.
 Singular Indefinite Pronouns
anybody everyone nothing each

anyone anything other much

anything neither somebody one

either nobody someone

Everybody is coming to the party.

Each one of us has a duty to fulfill.
Nothing is impossible.
Either of the boys was the one who took
the pencil.
 Plural Indefinite Pronouns

BFOMS
Both Few Others Many Several

Several students cut their classes and

went to the mall.
Many of the guests were wearing their
best evening clothes.
Three Moods of Verbs:
1. Indicative Mood – fact or question
 Did Euclid develop a kind of geometry?

2. Subjunctive Mood – wish or

condition contrary to fact
 If I were a boy, I think I could understand.

3. Imperative Mood – command or

request
 Please conserve water.
SVA Exercise
1.The team ( is, are ) playing now.
2.My tweezers ( is, are ) on the
dresser.
3.“Romeo and Juliet” ( is, are ) one of
Shakespeare’s best literary works.
4.The commander of the troops (was,
were ) told to surrender.
5. The jury ( has, have ) acquitted the
criminal.
6. My pants ( was, were ) torn.
7. One-half of the books ( was, were )
sold at half their original price.
8. Either Anna or her brothers ( is,
are ) going to the ball.
9. Neither of the two boys ( is, are )
coming.
10. The news of his victory over the
defending world champion ( was, were)
a pleasant surprise.
11.There ( is, are ) several dogs competing in
that category.
12. James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Greta
Garbo, and Marlon Brando ( is, are )
legendary screen favorites.
13.Every man, woman and child ( was,
were ) taken to the refugee camp.
14.A number of people ( was, were ) killed
when the terrorists attacked the city hall.
15.“A Million and One Love Strategies” ( is,
are ) a book I would recommend for easy
reading.
16.Everyone ( is, are ) requested to stand
for the singing of the national anthem.
17.Five thousand pesos ( seem, seems )
enough to last a whole month in this kind
of neighborhood.
18.On a bench in the quadrangle ( sit, sits )
the director and the producer.
19.The jury ( is, are ) taking their seats
right now.
20.The power forward and star player ( is,
are ) warming up for the game.