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Fraunhofer Diffraction Through A Thin Wire and Babinet's Peinciple

In Fraunhofer diffraction, the light source and observation point are at infinite distance from the obstacle, so the incident and diffracted wavefronts are plane. Babinet's principle states that the sum of the field behind an absorbing screen and the field behind its complementary screen equals the field when no screen is present. The paper evaluates scattered fields from a thin wire and its complementary using Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integrals in the Fraunhofer approximation, showing Babinet's principle is valid for this problem.

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97 views19 pages

Fraunhofer Diffraction Through A Thin Wire and Babinet's Peinciple

In Fraunhofer diffraction, the light source and observation point are at infinite distance from the obstacle, so the incident and diffracted wavefronts are plane. Babinet's principle states that the sum of the field behind an absorbing screen and the field behind its complementary screen equals the field when no screen is present. The paper evaluates scattered fields from a thin wire and its complementary using Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integrals in the Fraunhofer approximation, showing Babinet's principle is valid for this problem.

Uploaded by

Shweta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fraunhofer diffraction

through a thin wire and


Babinet’s peinciple:-
Theoretical discussion
Abstract:-

 The scattered waves by a thin finite wire are evaluated by using the Rayleigh-
Sommerfeld integral in the Fraunhofer approximation. The scattered fields by the
complementary thin wire are also obtained with the aid of the Babinet's principle. The
scattering integrals are evaluated directly. It is shown that Babinet's principle holds
excellently for this problem. The scattered fields are examined numerically.
History of diffraction

 Francesco Grimaldi made the first observation of diffraction in 1665. When light
waves were forced to pass through a slit, he observed that they dispersed.
Later, it was discovered that diffraction happens everywhere light waves bend
around a corner, not just in tiny slits or holes.
1) Diffraction:-
 Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles, or the spreading of waves
by passing them through an aperture, or opening. Any type of energy that
travels in a wave is capable of diffraction, and the diffraction of sound and light
waves produces a number of effects. (Because sound waves are much larger
than light waves, however, diffraction of sound is a part of daily life that most
people take for granted.) Diffraction of light waves, on the other hand, is much
more complicated, and has a number of applications in science and technology,
including the use of diffraction gratings in the production of holograms.
Diffraction phenomenon is classified into
two type:-

Fresnel’s diffraction:- Fraunhofer’s diffraction:-


1. The source of light and the screen
on
The source of light and the screen on
which the diffraction pattern is
which the diffraction pattern is observed are at infinite distance
observed are at finite distance from from the obstacle or aperture.
2. The incident wavefront and the
the obstacle or aperture.
diffracted wave fronts are plane
2. The incident wavefront and the wave fronts.
3. The incident beam is a parallel
diffracted wavefronts are spherical or beam
cylindrical. and the diffracted beam is also
parallel beam.
3. The incident beam is a divergent
4. The incident rays from a source
beam whereas the diffracted beam is are
made parallel using a convex lens
a convergent beam. and the diffracted rays are brought
4. No changes in the wavefront are to focus on a screen using another
convex lens (converging lenses).
made by using either lenses or
5. The centre of the diffraction
mirrors. pattern
is always bright. The pattern is the
5. The centre of the diffraction pattern is image of the source itsel
either bright or dark. The pattern is
the image of the obstacle or aperture.
2) fraunhofer’s diffraction:-

 Fraunhofer diffraction
 The phenomenon of bending of light waves around edges of small obstacles and
 hence it's spreading into the geometrical shadow of the obstacle is called
diffraction.
 In case of Fraunhofer diffraction -
 ➢ The source of light and the screen are at infinite distance from the obstacle or
 aperture.
 ➢ The incident wavefront and the diffracted wave fronts are plane.
 ➢ The incident beam and diffracted beams are parallel. Convex lenses are used
 to make the wavefront parallel.
: In fraunhoffer diffraction, the light source and
observation point
are at infinite distance from the obstacle. that is ,the
incident and diffracted wavefronts are
plane.
Babinet’s principle:-

 Babinet’s principle states that the sum of the field at a point behind a plane having a
screen and the field at the same point when a complementary screen is substituted is
equal to the field at the point when no screen is present.
Salient features of Babinet’s principle

 It does not consider the polarization of antennas in establishing field relations.


 Basically it deals with absorbing screens only.
 It is useful to reduce the slot antenna problems to a simplified form like those of linear antennas.
 Babinet’s principle,
E3 = E1 + E2
☆ Here,     E1 is the field behind the absorbing screen
☆ E2 is the field behind the complementary screen
☆ E3 is the field when there is no screen.
 It is not applicable in the presence of the conducting screens.
 this principle is valid in optics.
 It cannot be extended to electromagnetic problems as it is not possible to have absorbing screens at radio
frequencies and as the polarization of electromagnetic fields is common.
 Babinet’s principle states that,
 E3 = E1 + E2
 This is illustrated in the figure below. This principle is valid at the points in the
plane S2 and also at the points behind the screen S1.

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