Chapter 7

User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

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 Objectives (1 of 2)

• In this chapter, you will:

• Learn how to create and manipulate your own simple data type—called the
enumeration type
• Explore how the assignment statement, and arithmetic and relational operators work
with enum types
• Learn how to use for loops with enum types
• Learn how to input data into an enum type
• Learn how to output data stored in an enum type

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 Objectives (2 of 2)

• Explore how to write functions to process enum types

• Learn how to declare variables when defining the enumeration type
• Become familiar with anonymous types
• Become familiar with the typedef statement
• Learn about the namespace mechanism
• Explore the string data type, and learn how to use string functions to
manipulate strings

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 Enumeration Type (1 of 5)

• A data type is a set of values with a set of operations on them

• Enumeration type is a simple data type created by the programmer
• To define an enumeration type, you need:
• A name for the data type
• A set of values for the data type
• A set of operations on the values

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 Enumeration Type (2 of 5)

• You can specify the name and the values, but not the operations
• The syntax for enumeration type is:

• value1, value2, … are identifiers called enumerators

• List specifies the ordering:
value1 < value2 < value3 <...

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 Enumeration Type (3 of 5)

• The enumeration type is an ordered set of values

• Default value assigned to enumerators starts at 0
• A value used in one enumeration type cannot be used by another in the same
block
• Same rules apply to enumeration types declared outside of any blocks

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 Enumeration Type (4 of 5)

EXAMPLE 7-1
The statement:
enum colors {BROWN, BLUE, RED, GREEN, YELLOW};
defines a new data type called colors, and the values belonging to this data type are
BROWN, BLUE, RED, GREEN, and YELLOW.

EXAMPLE 7-2
The statement:
enum standing {FRESHMAN, SOPHOMORE, JUNIOR, SENIOR};
defines standing to be an enumeration type. The values belonging to standing are
FRESHMAN, SOPHOMORE, JUNIOR, and SENIOR.

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 Enumeration Type (5 of 5)

EXAMPLE 7-3
Consider the following statements:

These are illegal enumeration types because none of the values is an identifier. The following, however, are legal
enumeration types:
enum grades {A, B, C, D, F};
enum places {FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH};
EXAMPLE 7-4
Consider the following statements:

Suppose that these statements are in the same program in the same block. The second enumeration type,
compStudent, is not allowed because the value JOHN was used in the previous enumeration type
mathStudent.

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 Declaring Variables

• Syntax

• Example
enum sports {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, HOCKEY, BASEBALL, SOCCER,
VOLLEYBALL};

•Can declare variables such as:

sports popularSport, mySport;

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 Assignment

• Values can be stored in enumeration data types:

popularSport = FOOTBALL;

• Stores FOOTBALL into popularSport

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 Operations on Enumeration Types

• No arithmetic operations are allowed on enumeration types

• ++ and -- are illegal, too

• The solution is applying the cast operator

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 Relational Operators

• An enumeration type is an ordered set of values:

FOOTBALL <= SOCCER is true
HOCKEY > BASKETBALL is true
BASEBALL < FOOTBALL is false

• An enumeration type is an integral data type and can be used in loops:

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 Input /Output of Enumeration Types

• An enumeration type cannot be input/output (directly)

• Can input and output indirectly – refer to code segments below:

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 Functions and Enumeration Types

• Enumeration types can be passed as parameters to functions either by value or

by reference
• A function can return a value of the enumeration type

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 Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type

• Can declare variables of an enumeration type when you define an enumeration

type:

enum grades {A, B, C, D, F} courseGrade;

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 Anonymous Data Types (1 of 2)

• Anonymous type values are directly specified in the declaration, with no type
name
• Example:
enum {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, BASEBALL, HOCKEY} mySport;

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 Anonymous Data Types (2 of 2)

• Drawbacks:
• Cannot pass/return an anonymous type to/from a function
• Values used in one type can be used in another, but are treated differently:
enum {ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN} languages;
enum {ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN} foreignLanguages;

• This statement is illegal:

• Best practices: to avoid confusion, define an enumeration type first, then

declare variables

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 typedef Statement (1 of 2)

• The typedef statement is used to create synonyms or aliases to a data type

• The syntax of the typedef statement is:

• typedef does not create any new data types

• Only creates an alias to an existing data type

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 typedef Statement (2 of 2)

• The typedef statement is used to create synonyms or aliases to a data type

• The syntax of the typedef statement is:

• typedef does not create any new data types

• Only creates an alias to an existing data type

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 Namespaces (1 of 6)

• ANSI/ISO standard C++ was officially approved in July 1998

• Most recent compilers are compatible with ANSI/ISO standard C++
• For the most part, standard C++ and ANSI/ISO standard C++ are the same
• However, ANSI/ISO Standard C++ has some features not available in Standard C++

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 Namespaces (2 of 6)

• Global identifiers in a header file used in a program become global in the

program
• A syntax error occurs if a program’s identifier has the same name as a global identifier
in the header file
• The same problem can occur with third-party libraries
• Common solution: third-party vendors begin their global identifiers with _
(underscore)
• Do not begin identifiers in your program with _

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 Namespaces (3 of 6)

• ANSI/ISO Standard C++ attempts to solve this problem with the namespace
mechanism
• The general syntax of the statement namespace is:

where members consist of variable declarations, named constants, functions, or

another namespace

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 Namespaces (4 of 6)

EXAMPLE 7-8
The statement:

defines globalType to be a namespace with four members: named

constants N and RATE, the variable count, and the function printResult.

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 Namespaces (5 of 6)

• A namespace member has scope local to the namespace

• A namespace member can be accessed outside the namespace
• The general syntax for accessing a namespace member is:

• ANSI/ISO Standard C++ provides the use of the statement using

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 Namespaces (6 of 6)

• Examples with namespaces

• After the using statement, it is not necessary to put the

• Unless a namespace member and a global identifier or a block identifier have the
same name

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 string Type

• To use data type string, a program must include the header file string
• A string is a sequence of zero or more characters
• The first character is in position 0
• The second character is in position 1, etc.
• Binary operator + performs the string concatenation operation
• Array subscript operator [] allows access to an individual character in a string

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 Additional string Operations

• The data type string has a data type, string::size_type, and a named
constant, string::npos, defined as follows:

string::size_type An unsigned integer (data) type

string::npos The maximum value of the (data) type
string::size_type, a number such as
4294967295 on many machines

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 Example 7-18: swap Function

EXAMPLE 7-18
The swap function is used to swap—that is, interchange—the contents of two string
variables.
Suppose you have the following statements:
string str1 = "Warm";
string str2 = "Cold";
After the following statement executes, the value of str1 is "Cold" and the value of
str2 is "Warm".
str1.swap(str2);

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 Quick Review (1 of 3)

• Enumeration type: set of ordered values

• Reserved word enum creates an enumeration type
• No arithmetic operations are allowed on the enumeration type
• Relational operators can be used with enum values
• Enumeration type values cannot be input or output directly
• Enumeration types can be passed as parameters to functions by value or by
reference

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 Quick Review (2 of 3)

• Anonymous type: a variable’s values are specified without any type name
• Reserved word typedef creates synonyms or aliases to previously defined
data types
• The namespace mechanism is a feature of ANSI/ISO Standard C++
• A namespace member is usually a named constant, variable, function, or
another namespace
• Scope of a namespace member is local to namespace

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 Quick Review (3 of 3)

• using statement simplifies access to namespace members

• A string is a sequence of zero or more characters
• Strings in C++ are enclosed in ""
• The first character of a string is in position 0
• In C++, [] is the array subscript operator

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