Chapter 5

Control Structures II (Repetition)

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

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 Objectives (1 of 2)

• In this chapter, you will:

• Learn about repetition (looping) control structures
• Learn how to use a while loop in a program
• Explore how to construct and use counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-
controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures
• Learn how to use a for loop in a program
• Learn how to use a do…while loop in a program

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 Objectives (2 of 2)

• Examine break and continue statements

• Discover how to form and use nested control structures
• Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding patches
• Learn how to debug loops

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 Why Is Repetition Needed?

• Repetition allows efficient use of variables

• It is possible to input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited
number of variables
• Consider the code to determine the average number of calories burned each
day doing regular exercise
• Method 1: Declare a variable for each day and enter the number of calories burned,
add the values and store in a variable for the week’s total, and divide the total by 7 to
find the average
• Method 2: Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable
that contains the sum of the numbers (only two variables needed)

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 while Looping (Repetition) Structure (1 of 3)

• A while loop is one of three repetition, or looping structures in C++

• Syntax of the while statement

• The statement can be simple or compound

• The expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression
• The statement is called the body of the loop
• The parentheses are part of the syntax

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 while Looping (Repetition) Structure (2 of 3)

FIGURE 5-1 while loop

• The expression provides an entry condition to the loop

• The statement (body of the loop) continues to execute until the expression is
no longer true
• An infinite loop continues to execute endlessly

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 while Looping (Repetition) Structure (3 of 3)

EXAMPLE 5-1
Consider the following C++ program segment:

• The preceding while loop produces the following output:

0 5 10 15 20
• The variable i in Example 5-1 is called the loop control variable (LCV)

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 while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)

EXAMPLE 5-2
Consider the following C++ program segment:

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 Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops

• When you know exactly how many times the statements need to be executed
• Use a counter-controlled while loop

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 Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops

• A sentinel variable is tested in the condition

• The loop ends when the sentinel is encountered
• The following is an example of a sentinel-controlled while loop:

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 Example 5-5: Telephone Digits

• Example 5-5 provides an example of a sentinel-controlled loop

• The program converts uppercase letters to their corresponding telephone digit
• The sentinel value is #

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 Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops

• Flag-controlled while loop: uses a bool variable to control the loop

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 Number Guessing Game

• Example 5-6 implements a number guessing game using a flag-controlled

while loop
• Uses the function rand of the header file cstdlib to generate a random
number
• rand() returns an int value between 0 and 32767

• To convert to an integer

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 Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops (1 of 2)

• An end-of-file (EOF)-controlled while loop is a good choice when it is difficult

to select a sentinel value
• The logical value returned by cin can determine if there is no more input

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 Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops (2 of 2)

EXAMPLE 5-7
The following code uses an EOF-controlled while loop to find the sum of a set of numbers:

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 eof Function

• The function eof can determine the end of file status

• eof is a member of data type istream
• Syntax for the function eof

• istreamVar is an input stream variable, such as cin

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 More on Expressions in while Statements

• The expression in a while statement can be complex

• Example

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 Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (1 of 3)

• Consider the following sequence of numbers:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ....
• Called the Fibonacci sequence
• Given the first two numbers of the sequence (say, a1 and a2)
• nth number an, n >= 3, of this sequence is given by: an = an−1 + an−2

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 Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (2 of 3)

• Fibonacci sequence
• nth Fibonacci number
• a2 = 1
• a1 = 1
• Determine the nth number an, n >= 3

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 Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (3 of 3)

• Suppose a2 = 6 and a1 = 3
• a3 = a2 + a1 = 6 + 3 = 9
• a4 = a3 + a2 = 9 + 6 = 15
• Write a program that determines the nth Fibonacci number, given the first two
numbers

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 Programming Example: Input and Output

• Input: first two Fibonacci numbers and the desired Fibonacci number
• Output: nth Fibonacci number

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 Programming Example: Problem Analysis and Algorithm Design

• Algorithm
• Get the first two Fibonacci numbers
• Get the desired Fibonacci number
- Get the position, n, of the number in the sequence
• Calculate the next Fibonacci number
- Add the previous two elements of the sequence
• Repeat Step 3 until the nth Fibonacci number is found
• Output the nth Fibonacci number

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Programming Example: Variables

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 Programming Example: Main Algorithm (1 of 4)

• Prompt the user for the first two numbers—that is, previous1 and
previous2
• Read (input) the first two numbers into previous1 and previous2
• Output the first two Fibonacci numbers
• Prompt the user for the position of the desired Fibonacci number

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 Programming Example: Main Algorithm (2 of 4)

• Read the position of the desired Fibonacci number into nthFibonacci

• if (nthFibonacci == 1)
The desired Fibonacci number is the first Fibonacci number; copy the value of
previous1 into current
• else if (nthFibonacci == 2)
The desired Fibonacci number is the second Fibonacci number; copy the value of
previous2 into current

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 Programming Example: Main Algorithm (3 of 4)

• else calculate the desired Fibonacci number as follows:

- Start by determining the third Fibonacci number
- Initialize counter to 3 to keep track of the calculated Fibonacci numbers.
- Calculate the next Fibonacci number, as follows:
current = previous2 + previous1;

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 Programming Example: Main Algorithm (4 of 4)

• Assign the value of previous2 to previous1

• Assign the value of current to previous2
• Increment counter
• Repeat until Fibonacci number is calculated:

• Output the nth Fibonacci number, which is current

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (1 of 7)

• for loop: called a counted or indexed for loop

• Syntax of the for statement

• The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement

are called for loop control statements

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (2 of 7)

FIGURE 5-2 for loop

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (3 of 7)

EXAMPLE 5-9
The following for loop prints the first 10 nonnegative integers:

The initial statement, i = 0;, initializes the int variable i to 0. Next, the
loop condition, i < 10, is evaluated. Because 0 < 10 is true, the print statement
executes and outputs 0. The update statement, i++, then executes, which sets
the value of i to 1. Once again, the loop condition is evaluated, which is still true,
and so on. When i becomes 10, the loop condition evaluates to false, the for
loop terminates, and the first statement following the for loop executes.

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (4 of 7)

EXAMPLE 5-10
1. The following for loop outputs Hello! and a star (on separate lines) five times:

2. Consider the following for loop:

The output of this for loop is:

Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
*
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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (5 of 7)

• The following is a semantic error:

EXAMPLE 5-11
The following for loop executes five empty statements:

The semicolon at the end of the for statement (before the output statement, Line
1)terminates the for loop. The action of this for loop is empty, that is, null. As in
Example 5-10(2), the indentation of Line 2 is

• The following is a legal (but infinite) for loop:

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (6 of 7)

EXAMPLE 5-12
You can count backward using a for loop if the for loop control expressions are set
correctly.
For example, consider the following for loop:

The output is:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In this for loop, the variable i is initialized to 10. After each iteration of the loop, i is
decremented by 1. The loop continues to execute as long as i >= 1.

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (7 of 7)

EXAMPLE 5-13
You can increment (or decrement) the loop control variable by any fixed number. In the
following for loop, the variable is initialized to 1; at the end of the for loop, i is
incremented by 2. This for loop outputs the first 10 positive odd integers.

The output is:

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

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 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (1 of 6)

• Syntax of a do...while loop

• The statement executes first, and then the expression is evaluated

• As long as expression is true, loop continues
• To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a statement that makes the
expression false

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 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (2 of 6)

• The statement can be simple or compound

• Loop always iterates at least once

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 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (3 of 6)

FIGURE 5-3 do. . .while loop

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 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (4 of 6)

EXAMPLE 5-18

The output of this code is:

0 5 10 15 20
After 20 is output, the statement:
i = i + 5;
changes the value of i to 25 and so i <= 20 becomes false, which halts the loop.

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 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (5 of 6)

• Note that while and for loops are pretest loops

• It is possible that these loops many never activate due to entry conditions
• In contrast, do. . .while loops are posttest loops
• These loops always execute at least once

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 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (6 of 6)

EXAMPLE 5-19
Consider the following two loops:

In (a), the while loop produces nothing, the statement never executes. In (b), the
do. . .while loop outputs the number 11 and also changes the value of i to 16.
This is expected because in a do. . .while, the statement must always execute at
least once.

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 Choosing the Right Looping Structure

• All three loops have their place in C++

• If you can determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, the for loop is
the correct choice
• If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions
needed, and it could be zero, use a while loop
• If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions
needed, and it is at least one, use a do...while loop

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 break and continue Statements (1 of 2)

• break and continue alter the flow of control

• break statement is used for two purposes:
• To exit early from a loop
• To skip the remainder of a switch structure
• After break executes, the program continues with the first statement after the
structure
• A break statement in a loop can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables

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 break and continue Statements (2 of 2)

• continue is used in while, for, and do…while structures

• When executed in a loop
• It skips remaining statements and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

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 Nested Control Structures (1 of 2)

• To create the following pattern:

• We can use the following code:

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 Nested Control Structures (2 of 2)

• What is the result if we replace the first for statement with this?

• Answer:

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 Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches

• A software patch is a piece of code written on top of an existing piece of code

• Intended to fix a bug in the original code
• Some programmers address the symptom of the problem by adding a software
patch
• A programmer should instead resolve the underlying issue

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 Debugging Loops

• Loops are harder to debug than sequence and selection structures

• Use a loop invariant
• Set of statements that remains true each time the loop body is executed
• The most common error associated with loops is off-by-one

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 Quick Review (1 of 3)

• C++ has three looping (repetition) structures:

• while, for, and do…while
• while, for, and do are reserved words
• while and for loops are called pretest loops
• do...while loop is called a posttest loop
• while and for may not execute at all, but do...while always executes at
least once

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 Quick Review (2 of 3)

• In a while loop:
• The expression is the decision maker
• The statement is the body of the loop
• A while loop can be:
• Counter-controlled
• Sentinel-controlled
• EOF-controlled
• In the Windows console environment, the end-of-file marker is entered using
Ctrl+z

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 Quick Review (3 of 3)

• A for loop simplifies the writing of a counter-controlled while loop

• Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop is a semantic error
• Executing a break statement in the body of a loop immediately terminates the
loop
• Executing a continue statement in the body of a loop skips to the next
iteration

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