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    Building Blocks of Matter

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    Paul Ackermann
    The document discusses the building blocks of matter. It explains that elements are made of only one type of atom, while mixtures and compounds are made of two or more elements. Atoms can combine to form molecules or ions, which then arrange into crystal lattices that are molecular, giant ionic, giant metallic, or giant covalent. Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger than pure metals. Compounds have distinct properties from their elements due to chemical bonding, while mixtures maintain the properties of their components. Ionic bonding occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal to form cations and anions, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

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    Building Blocks of Matter

    Uploaded by

    Paul Ackermann
    22 views18 pages
    The document discusses the building blocks of matter. It explains that elements are made of only one type of atom, while mixtures and compounds are made of two or more elements. Atoms can combine to form molecules or ions, which then arrange into crystal lattices that are molecular, giant ionic, giant metallic, or giant covalent. Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger than pure metals. Compounds have distinct properties from their elements due to chemical bonding, while mixtures maintain the properties of their components. Ionic bonding occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal to form cations and anions, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

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    The document discusses the building blocks of matter. It explains that elements are made of only one type of atom, while mixtures and compounds are made of two or more elements. Atoms can combine to form molecules or ions, which then arrange into crystal lattices that are molecular, giant ionic, giant metallic, or giant covalent. Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger than pure metals. Compounds have distinct properties from their elements due to chemical bonding, while mixtures maintain the properties of their components. Ionic bonding occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal to form cations and anions, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views18 pages

    Building Blocks of Matter

    Uploaded by

    Paul Ackermann
    The document discusses the building blocks of matter. It explains that elements are made of only one type of atom, while mixtures and compounds are made of two or more elements. Atoms can combine to form molecules or ions, which then arrange into crystal lattices that are molecular, giant ionic, giant metallic, or giant covalent. Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger than pure metals. Compounds have distinct properties from their elements due to chemical bonding, while mixtures maintain the properties of their components. Ionic bonding occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal to form cations and anions, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    Building blocks of matter

    Topic objectives

    • explain that atoms, molecules and ions are the building blocks of all material (an extension of the
    particle model) (NOTE: the term “molecule” will be used only for electrically neutral groups of atoms
    held together by covalent bonds, including macromolecules)
    • distinguish between elements, mixtures and compounds
    • explain that atoms combine to form molecules, or (compound) ions
    • explain that atoms, ions and molecules can form crystal lattices that are either molecular or giant
    • explain that giant lattices can be ionic, metallic or covalent
    • describe alloys, such as brass, bronze and steel, as mixtures of a metal with other metals or carbon
    • Elements – Consists of one kind of atom
    • Pure substance, cannot be broken down further
    • Found on the periodic table

    • Mixtures – Consists of two or more kinds of substances that are


    physically combined.

    • Compounds – Two or more elements that are chemically combined.


    • Crystal lattices – Atoms, ions and molecules can form crystal lattices.
    • Can be molecular or giant
    • Giant lattices can be classified as ionic, metallic or covalent.
    • Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide are examples of giant covalent structures

    • Alloys – Alloys are mixtures of a metal with other metals or carbon.


    • Compared to pure metals, alloys are: Stronger, harder, more resistant to corrosion and less
    conductive.
    Compounds and mixtures
    Mixtures Compounds
    Components my be separated by physical means Components may be separated by chemical means
    The composition can vary The composition is always the same
    No chemical change takes place when a mixture is Chemical changes take place when a compound is
    formed formed
    The properties of the mixture come from the The properties are different to those of the
    individual elements that make up the mixture component elements
    Activity 12
    • Seawater
    • Air
    • Pure water
    • Gold
    • Brass
    • Ethanol
    • Diamond
    Check progress
    • Page 121
    Ionic bonding and electrovalent bonds

    • describe how the reaction between a metal and a non-metal results in the transfer of electrons from
    metal atoms to non-metal atoms so that both achieve full outer shells and form positive ions
    (cations) and negative ions (anions) respectively
    • explain ionic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions formed
    • differentiate between the naming of atoms versus ions (e.g. chlorine and chloride)
    • predict the positive and negative charges of ions (in terms of the attained noble gas electron
    arrangements)
    • describe the lattice of an ionic compound as a regular arrangement of alternating positive and
    negative ions
    Ionic bonding
    • Occurs between metals and non-metals.
    • Metals lose electrons to become stable.
    • Non-metals gain electrons to become stable.
    • When a metal loses it’s electrons, it becomes positively charged, we
    call this a cation.
    • When non-metals gain electrons, they become negatively charged, we
    call this the anion.
    Bonding
    • Anions and cations are oppositely charged atoms.
    • Therefore there is an attractive (electrostatic) force between them.
    • This force causes the ions to align in a crystal structure.
    Naming ionic compounds
    • Metal first, non-metal second
    • First name unchanged from periodic table
    • Second name ends in –ide
    • Eg: sodium + chlorine sodium chloride
    • Potassium + bromine potassium bromide
    Covalent bonding
    Shapes of molecules
    • Shapes of molecules is determined by the repulsion of pairs of
    electrons
    • According to electron pair repulsion theory, each pair of electrons
    around an atom will repel all other pairs of electrons as far as
    possible.
    • Lone pairs of electrons have greater degree of repulsion than bonded
    pairs of electrons
    Molecules with bonded pairs

    Linear

    Tetrahedral
    Molecules with lone pairs

    Triangular
    pyramidal

    Bent
    Properties of ionic and covalent bonds
    Ionic compounds Covalent compounds
    Solid at room temperature. Have high melting and Usually gases, liquids or solids at room temperature.
    boiling points. Have a higher volatility.
    Do not conduct electricity when solid. Conduct when Poor conductors of heat and electricity
    molten or dissolved in water
    Soluble in water. Most are not soluble in water. Some do dissolve.
    Some are soluble in organic solvents
    They are usually hard substances Forces between atoms in covalent molecules are
    stronger than the intermolecular forces between
    molecules
    Buckminsterfullerene,

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