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The document discusses frequency domain concepts in computer vision and image processing. It covers: 1. Fourier analysis and how any signal can be represented as a weighted sum of sine and cosine waves of different frequencies. 2. Properties of the Fourier transform such as linearity and how the Fourier transform of a convolution is the product of Fourier transforms. 3. Filtering in the frequency domain by multiplying Fourier transforms rather than convolving in the spatial domain. 4. Aliasing issues that can occur with subsampling and how low-pass filtering is needed beforehand to avoid artifacts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views61 pages

05

The document discusses frequency domain concepts in computer vision and image processing. It covers: 1. Fourier analysis and how any signal can be represented as a weighted sum of sine and cosine waves of different frequencies. 2. Properties of the Fourier transform such as linearity and how the Fourier transform of a convolution is the product of Fourier transforms. 3. Filtering in the frequency domain by multiplying Fourier transforms rather than convolving in the spatial domain. 4. Aliasing issues that can occur with subsampling and how low-pass filtering is needed beforehand to avoid artifacts.

Uploaded by

Yogesh Katre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 61

09/16/11

Thinking in Frequency

Computer Vision
Brown

James Hays

Slides: Hoiem, Efros, and others


Review: questions
1. Write down a 3x3 filter that returns a
positive value if the average value of the 4-
adjacent neighbors is less than the center
and a negative value otherwise

2. Write down a filter that will compute the


gradient in the x-direction:
gradx(y,x) = im(y,x+1)-im(y,x) for each x, y

Slide: Hoiem
Review: questions Filtering Operator
a) _ = D * B A
3. Fill in the blanks: b) A = _ * _
c) F = D * _
d) _ = D * D

B
E
G

F C

H I D

Slide: Hoiem
Today’s Class

• Fourier transform and frequency domain


– Frequency view of filtering
– Hybrid images
– Sampling
Why does the Gaussian give a nice smooth
image, but the square filter give edgy
artifacts?
Gaussian Box filter
Hybrid Images

• A. Oliva, A. Torralba, P.G. Schyns,


“Hybrid Images,” SIGGRAPH 2006
Why do we get different, distance-dependent
interpretations of hybrid images?

Slide: Hoiem
Why does a lower resolution image still make
sense to us? What do we lose?

Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/igorms/136916757/ Slide: Hoiem


Thinking in terms of frequency
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
...the manner in which the author arrives at these
had crazy idea (1807): equations is not exempt of difficulties and...his
Any univariate function can be analysis to integrate them still leaves something to
rewritten as a weighted sum of be desired on the score of generality and even
sines and cosines of different rigour.
frequencies.
• Don’t believe it?
– Neither did Lagrange,
Laplace
Laplace, Poisson and
other big wigs
– Not translated into
English until 1878!
• But it’s (mostly) true!
– called Fourier Series Legendre
Lagrange
– there are some subtle
restrictions
A sum of sines
Our building block:
Asin(x   
Add enough of them to get
any signal f(x) you want!
Frequency Spectra
• example : g(t) = sin(2πf t) + (1/3)sin(2π(3f) t)

= +

Slides: Efros
Frequency Spectra
Frequency Spectra

= +

=
Frequency Spectra

= +

=
Frequency Spectra

= +

=
Frequency Spectra

= +

=
Frequency Spectra

= +

=
Frequency Spectra


1
= A sin(2 kt )
k 1 k
Example: Music
• We think of music in terms of frequencies at
different magnitudes

Slide: Hoiem
Other signals
• We can also think of all kinds of other signals
the same way

xkcd.com
Fourier analysis in images

Intensity Image

Fourier Image

http://sharp.bu.edu/~slehar/fourier/fourier.html#filtering
Signals can be composed

+ =

http://sharp.bu.edu/~slehar/fourier/fourier.html#filtering
More: http://www.cs.unm.edu/~brayer/vision/fourier.html
Fourier Transform
• Fourier transform stores the magnitude and phase at each
frequency
– Magnitude encodes how much signal there is at a particular frequency
– Phase encodes spatial information (indirectly)
– For mathematical convenience, this is often notated in terms of real
and complex numbers

I ( )
1
Amplitude:
2
A   R( )  I ( ) 2
Phase:   tan
R( )
The Convolution Theorem

•The Fourier transform of the convolution of two


functions is the product of their Fourier transforms
F[ g  h]  F[ g ] F[h]
•The inverse Fourier transform of the product of two
Fourier transforms is the convolution of the two
inverse Fourier transforms
1 1 1
F [ gh]  F [ g ]  F [ h]
•Convolution in spatial domain is equivalent to
multiplication in frequency domain!
Properties of Fourier Transforms

• Linearity

• Fourier transform of a real signal is symmetric


about the origin

• The energy of the signal is the same as the


energy of its Fourier transform

See Szeliski Book (3.4)


1 0 -1
Filtering in spatial domain 2 0 -2
1 0 -1

* =
Filtering in frequency domain

FFT

FFT

Inverse FFT
=
Slide: Hoiem
Fourier Matlab demo
FFT in Matlab
• Filtering with fft
im = double(imread(‘…'))/255;
im = rgb2gray(im); % “im” should be a gray-scale floating point image
[imh, imw] = size(im);

hs = 50; % filter half-size


fil = fspecial('gaussian', hs*2+1, 10);

fftsize = 1024; % should be order of 2 (for speed) and include padding


im_fft = fft2(im, fftsize, fftsize); % 1) fft im with padding
fil_fft = fft2(fil, fftsize, fftsize); % 2) fft fil, pad to same size as
image
im_fil_fft = im_fft .* fil_fft; % 3) multiply fft images
im_fil = ifft2(im_fil_fft); % 4) inverse fft2
im_fil = im_fil(1+hs:size(im,1)+hs, 1+hs:size(im, 2)+hs); % 5) remove padding

• Displaying with fft


figure(1), imagesc(log(abs(fftshift(im_fft)))), axis image, colormap jet

Slide: Hoiem
Filtering
Why does the Gaussian give a nice smooth
image, but the square filter give edgy
artifacts?
Gaussian Box filter
Gaussian
Box Filter
Sampling
Why does a lower resolution image still make
sense to us? What do we lose?

Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/igorms/136916757/
Subsampling by a factor of 2

Throw away every other row and


column to create a 1/2 size image
Aliasing problem
• 1D example (sinewave):

Source: S. Marschner
Aliasing problem
• 1D example (sinewave):

Source: S. Marschner
Aliasing problem

• Sub-sampling may be dangerous….


• Characteristic errors may appear:
– “Wagon wheels rolling the wrong way in
movies”
– “Checkerboards disintegrate in ray tracing”
– “Striped shirts look funny on color television”

Source: D. Forsyth
Aliasing in video

Slide by Steve Seitz


Aliasing in graphics

Source: A. Efros
Sampling and aliasing
Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem
• When sampling a signal at discrete intervals, the
sampling frequency must be  2  fmax
• fmax = max frequency of the input signal
• This will allows to reconstruct the original
perfectly from the sampled version

v v v good

bad
Anti-aliasing

Solutions:
• Sample more often

• Get rid of all frequencies that are greater


than half the new sampling frequency
– Will lose information
– But it’s better than aliasing
– Apply a smoothing filter
Algorithm for downsampling by factor of 2

1. Start with image(h, w)


2. Apply low-pass filter
im_blur = imfilter(image, fspecial(‘gaussian’, 7, 1))
3. Sample every other pixel
im_small = im_blur(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
Anti-aliasing

Forsyth and Ponce 2002


Subsampling without pre-filtering

1/2 1/4 (2x zoom) 1/8 (4x zoom)

Slide by Steve Seitz


Subsampling with Gaussian pre-filtering

Gaussian 1/2 G 1/4 G 1/8

Slide by Steve Seitz


Why do we get different, distance-dependent
interpretations of hybrid images?

?
Salvador Dali invented Hybrid Images?

Salvador Dali
“Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea,
which at 30 meters becomes the portrait
of Abraham Lincoln”, 1976
Clues from Human Perception
• Early processing in humans filters for various orientations and scales of
frequency
• Perceptual cues in the mid-high frequencies dominate perception
• When we see an image from far away, we are effectively subsampling it

Early Visual Processing: Multi-scale edge and blob filters


Campbell-Robson contrast sensitivity curve
Hybrid Image in FFT

Hybrid Image Low-passed Image High-passed Image


Perception
Why do we get different, distance-dependent
interpretations of hybrid images?

?
Things to Remember
• Sometimes it makes sense to think of
images and filtering in the frequency
domain
– Fourier analysis

• Can be faster to filter using FFT for


large images (N logN vs. N2 for auto-
correlation)

• Images are mostly smooth


– Basis for compression

• Remember to low-pass before sampling


Practice question
1. Match the spatial domain image to the
Fourier magnitude image
1 2 3 4 5

A C E
D
Next class

• Template matching

• Image Pyramids

• Filter banks and texture

• Denoising, Compression
Questions

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