Blood Pressure Regulation

REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood Pressure
 Blood pressure is the pressure of
circulating blood against the walls of
blood vessels. Most of this pressure
results from the heart pumping blood
through the circulatory system. When
used without qualification, the term
"blood pressure" refers to the pressure
in the large arteries
SHORT TERM REGULATION OF
BLOOD PRESSURE
Rapidly acting within seconds to minutes
1. Baroreceptors Reflex Mechanism
2. Chemoreceptors Mechanism
3. CNS Ischemic Response Mechanism
4. Atrial Stretch Volume Receptors
1. THE BARORECEPTORS
Changes in MAP are detected by

baroreceptors (pressure receptors) in the
carotid and aortic arteries.
Carotid baroreceptors are located in the

carotid sinus, both sides of the neck.
Aortic baroreceptors are located in the
aortic arch.
These receptors provide information to

the cardiovascular centres in the medulla
oblongata about the degree of stretch
with pressure changes.
Guyton and Hall, pp 174

 At normal arterial pressure the

baroreceptors are active.
 Increased blood pressure increases

their rate of activity, while
decreased pressure decreases the
rate of firing (activity).
 They play an important role in

maintaining relatively constant
blood flow to vital organs such as
brain during rapid changes in
pressure such as standing up after
lying down. That is why they are
called “pressure buffers”.
ARTERIAL BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
ROLE IN HEMORRAHAGE
INTERMEDIATE TERM REGULATION OF
BLOOD PRESSURE
Respond from 30 min to several hrs
1. Renin – Angiotensin system

2. Capillary shift mechanism
3. Stretch relaxation of vessels
BLOOD PRESSURE
Renin – Angiotensin system

BLOOD PRESSURE
Stretch Relaxation of Vessels
Blood vessel smooth muscle respond to changes in blood

volume.
When pressure in blood vessels is “too high”, vessels

stretched and stretching more and more for minutes or hours;
resulting in decrease blood pressure in vessels toward normal.
The continuing stretch response of the vessels can serve as an

intermediate-term pressure “buffer.”
LONG TERM REGULATION OF BLOOD
PRESSURE
Renal Body fluid control mechanism
PRESSURE
1. Renal Body fluid control mechanism
PRESSURE
2. Aldosterone Mechanism
PRESSURE
2. Aldosterone Mechanism
Hypotension
Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a blood pressure under 90/60 mm/Hg. In many
people, it has no symptoms. When it does cause symptoms, these are usually unpleasant or
disruptive, including dizziness, fainting and more. In some cases, hypotension is dangerous, so early
diagnosis and treatment are important
Orthostatic hypotension.
Central nervous system diseases
Low blood volume
Heart and lung conditions
Prescription medications
Alcohol or recreational drugs
Extreme temperatures
Hypertension
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common condition in which

the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is
high enough that it may eventually cause health problems,
such as heart disease
High blood pressure usually develops over time. It can happen

because of unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as not getting
enough regular physical activity. Certain health conditions, such
as diabetes and having obesity, can also increase the risk for
developing high blood pressure
Heart Failure
Heart failure means that the heart is unable to

pump blood around the body properly. It
usually occurs because the heart has become too
weak or stiff. It's sometimes called congestive
heart failure, although this name is not widely used
nowadays. Heart failure does not mean your heart
has stopped working.
Heart Attack
A heart attack, also called a myocardial

infarction, happens when a part of the heart
muscle doesn't get enough blood. The more
time that passes without treatment to restore
blood flow, the greater the damage to the heart
muscle. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the
main cause of heart attack.
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease is a common heart

condition. The major blood vessels that supply
the heart (coronary arteries) struggle to send
enough blood, oxygen and nutrients to the heart
muscle. Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart
arteries and inflammation are usually the cause of
coronary artery disease.
Y OU
ANK
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REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

Changes in MAP are detected by

Carotid baroreceptors are located in the

These receptors provide information to

Guyton and Hall, pp 174

 At normal arterial pressure the

 Increased blood pressure increases

 They play an important role in

Respond from 30 min to several hrs

1. Renin – Angiotensin system

Renin – Angiotensin system

Stretch Relaxation of Vessels

Blood vessel smooth muscle respond to changes in blood

When pressure in blood vessels is “too high”, vessels

The continuing stretch response of the vessels can serve as an

High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common condition in which

High blood pressure usually develops over time. It can happen

Heart failure means that the heart is unable to

A heart attack, also called a myocardial

Coronary artery disease is a common heart

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