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Precalculus 09 Matrices

This document provides an overview of matrices and their applications in precalculus. It discusses identifying the order of a matrix, writing augmented matrices for systems of equations, putting matrices in row-echelon and reduced row-echelon form, solving systems of equations using matrices, performing matrix operations like addition, subtraction and multiplication, finding the inverse of matrices, calculating determinants, and using matrices to solve problems involving systems of equations, finding areas of triangles, determining collinear points, finding equations of lines, and encoding/decoding messages. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate each concept.

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99 views37 pages

Precalculus 09 Matrices

This document provides an overview of matrices and their applications in precalculus. It discusses identifying the order of a matrix, writing augmented matrices for systems of equations, putting matrices in row-echelon and reduced row-echelon form, solving systems of equations using matrices, performing matrix operations like addition, subtraction and multiplication, finding the inverse of matrices, calculating determinants, and using matrices to solve problems involving systems of equations, finding areas of triangles, determining collinear points, finding equations of lines, and encoding/decoding messages. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate each concept.

Uploaded by

pawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATRICES Precalculus

Chapter 9
This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
Precalculus
By Richard Wright
https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-RLW/Text/TOC.html
Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
In this section, you will:
• Identify the order of a matrix.

9-01 MATRICES AND • Write an augmented matrix for a


system of equations.

SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS • Write a matrix in row-echelon


form.
• Solve a system of linear equations
using an augmented matrix.
9-01 MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF
EQUATIONS
Matrix Order of matrix
Rectangular array of numbers Dimension
Rows × columns

Each entry is an element What is the order of ?

Augmented Matrix
Two matrices combined together
9-01 MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF
EQUATIONS
Elementary Row Operations
Interchange 2 rows
Multiply a row by a nonzero constant
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Add 2 times 1st row to the 2nd row


9-01 MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF
EQUATIONS
Row-Echelon Form Reduced Row-Echelon Form
All rows consisting entirely of zeros Columns with leading 1 have 0’s as
are at bottom other entries
For other rows, the first nonzero
entry is 1
For successive rows, the leading 1
in the higher row is farther to the
left
9-01 MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF
EQUATIONS
Solve
In this section, you will:
• Write a matrix in reduced-row
9-02 GAUSSIAN echelon form.
• Solve a system of linear
ELIMINATION equations using Gauss-Jordan
Elimination.
9-02 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
Gaussian Elimination
Solving a system of linear equations by putting it into row-echelon form with
elementary row operations

Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Solve by putting the system into Reduced row-echelon form

If a row becomes all zeros with final entry not zero = no solution
If a row becomes all zeros = many solutions (do the z = a thing to write the
parametric equations of the line of intersection)
9-02 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
Solve
9-02 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
Solve
In this section, you will:
9-03 MATRIX • Add and subtract matrices.
• Multiply a scalar with a matrix.
OPERATIONS • Multiply a matrix with a matrix.
9-03 MATRIX OPERATIONS

[ ][ ]
Matrix addition and subtraction
Both matrices must have same
order
Add or subtract corresponding
3 1 0 −1
0 2 + −2 −3
elements

−4 −1 −4 −5
9-03 MATRIX OPERATIONS

[ ]
Scalar multiplication

1 2 3
Multiply a matrix with a number
Distribute

3
0 −1 −2
9-03 MATRIX OPERATIONS
Matrix multiplication
Number of columns in 1st = number of rows in 2nd

Order of product m × p

Order is important

NO COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY!!!!!


9-03 MATRIX OPERATIONS

][ ]
0
[ 2
0
−1
6
7
−3
−2
3
9-03 MATRIX OPERATIONS

[ ][
2 0 −1 0 4
1 3 −2 1 2 ]
In this section, you will:

9-04 INVERSE
• Decompose rational expressions
into partial fractions with:
• Find the inverse of a 2×2 matrix

MATRICES • Find the inverse of any square


matrix
• Solve a system of equations
using an inverse matrix
9-04 INVERSE MATRICES
Identity Matrix (I)
OR

OR

Both A and A−1 must be square


9-04 INVERSE MATRICES
Inverse of 2×2 Find the inverse of
If , then
9-04 INVERSE MATRICES
Find other inverses
Augment the matrix with the identity matrix
Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to turn the original matrix into the identity
matrix
9-04 INVERSE MATRICES
Find the inverse of
9-04 INVERSE MATRICES
Use an inverse to solve system of equations
Write system as matrices
(coefficients ∙ variables = constants)

Solve by multiplying the inverse of the coefficients with the constants


9-04 INVERSE MATRICES
Solve
In this section, you will:
• Find a determinant 2×2 or 3×3
9-05 DETERMINANTS matrix using shortcuts.
• Find a determinant of any
OF MATRICES square matrix using expansion
by cofactors.
9-05 DETERMINANTS OF
MATRICES
Determinant is a real number Find
associated with a square matrix

2×2
If , then

Down product − up product


9-05 DETERMINANTS OF
MATRICES
3×3
Copy 1st two columns after matrix
+ products of downs − products of ups
9-05 DETERMINANTS OF
MATRICES
Otherwise Given , find
Expansion by cofactors Minor
Sign Pattern

Minor
Determinant of matrix created by
crossing out a row and column
Cofactor
Minor with sign from sign pattern Cofactor
9-05 DETERMINANTS OF
MATRICES
Find
9-05 DETERMINANTS OF
MATRICES
Find
In this section, you will:
• Solve a System of Linear
Equations by Cramer's Rule.
• Use a determinant to find the
area of a triangle.
• Use a determinant to determine
if three points are collinear.
• Use a determinant to find the

9-06 APPLICATIONS OF equation of a line.


• Use a matrix to encode and

MATRICES
decode a message.
9-06 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
Cramer’s Rule
Used to solve systems of equations

A = coefficient matrix
An = coefficient matrix with column n replaced with constants

If |A| = 0, then no solution or many solutions


9-06 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
Use Cramer’s Rule
9-06 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
Area of triangle with vertices (x1, y1), Find the area of triangle with vertices
(x2, y2), (x3, y3) (-3, 1), (2, 4), (5, -3)
9-06 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
Lines in a Plane Find the equation of the line passing
If , then the points are collinear through (-2, 9) and (3, -1)

Find equation of line given 2 points


(x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
9-06 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
Hill Cypher Encoding a Message _=0 I=9 R = 18
1. Convert the message into numbers
A=1 J = 10 S = 19
2. Choose a square encoding matrix.
3. Group the message numbers into matrices of 1 row B=2 K = 11 T = 20
and the same number of columns as the encoding C=3 L = 12 U = 21
matrix.
D=4 M = 13 V = 22
4. Multiply the letter matrices with the encoding
matrix. E=5 N = 14 W = 23
5. The encoded message is the list of numbers
F=6 O = 15 X = 24
produced.
Decode by using inverse of encoding matrix G=7 P = 16 Y = 25
H=8 Q = 17 Z = 26
9-06 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
Encode LUNCH using

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