CMR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation

CMRCET

IV SEM – ECE (2023)

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation
Syllabus

Pulse Analog Modulation: Sampling theorem, Types of sampling process,

Types of Pulse Modulation, PAM- Generation and Demodulation, PWM-
Generation and Demodulation, PPM Generation and Demodulation, TDM.

Pulse Digital Modulation: PCM, Generation and Reconstruction, Quantization

Noise, DPCM, DM and Adaptive DM, Noise in PCM and DM

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 Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation
PCM - Basic Elements

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PCM - Basic Elements

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PCM - Quantization

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PCM - Encoder

No. of Bits = n
No. of Levels (L)=2n
Step size Δ = (Vmax–Vmin)/L

Quantization Error (Qe)max= Δ/2

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PCM – Regenerative Repeater

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PCM – Advantages and Drawbacks
Advantages:
 It is robust against noise and interference and Secure data Transmission.
 Uniform transmission quality.
 Efficient SNR and bandwidth trade off.
 Easy to add or drop channels and It offers efficient regeneration .
Disadvantages:
 Overload appears when modulating signal changes between samplings, by
an amount greater than the size of the step.
 Large bandwidth is required for transmission.
 Noise and crosstalk leaves low but rises attenuation.
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 Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation
DPCM – Differential Pulse Code Modulation
 PCM Encoded information contains redundance for the highly correlated
samples.
 A wise decision to take a predicted sampled value, assumed from its
previous output and summarize them with the quantized values.

 Process is called as Differential PCM,  DPCM technique.

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DPCM – Transmitter

Quantization Error

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DPCM – Receiver

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DM (Delta Modulation)
 The sampling rate of a signal should be higher than the Nyquist
rate, to achieve better sampling.

 The sampling interval is reduced as compared with DPCM.

 The sample-to-sample amplitude difference is very small, as if the

difference is 1-bit quantization,

 As the sampling interval is reduced, the signal correlation will be

higher.

 Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM technique, also

viewed as 1-bit DPCM scheme.
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DM (Delta Modulation) - Transmitter

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DM (Delta Modulation) - Transmitter

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DM (Delta Modulation) - Receiver

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DM (Delta Modulation)
Advantages of DM Over DPCM:

 1-bit quantizer.

 Very easy design of the modulator and the demodulator.

 However, there exists some noise in DM.

 Slope Overload distortion
(when Δ is small)

 Granular noise (when Δ is large)

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 Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation
ADM (Adaptive Delta Modulation)

 A larger step-size- steep slope of modulating signal.

 Smaller step size - small message signal slope.

 The minute details get missed in the quantization process.

 Better to control the adjustment of step-size, according to our

requirement in order to obtain the sampling in a desired fashion.

 This is the concept of Adaptive Delta Modulation.

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 Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation
ADM (Adaptive Delta Modulation)

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End of III-Unit