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Intro Chapter 5 A

This document discusses raster geoprocessing in GIS. It describes raster geoprocessing as spatial analysis functions that modify geospatial data using parameterized operations. Raster data is organized into bands, themes, or layers and does not represent discrete features like vector data. Raster data comes in different image depths such as one bit (black and white), eight bits (256 shades of gray), or true color (256 values for red, green, and blue pixels). Common raster file formats include TIFF, GEOTIFF, and proprietary formats like ESRI's GRID format. Raster geoprocessing has advantages for representing continuous surfaces and performing analyses like hydrologic modeling but has limitations for network analysis and projects relying on linear

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100 views18 pages

Intro Chapter 5 A

This document discusses raster geoprocessing in GIS. It describes raster geoprocessing as spatial analysis functions that modify geospatial data using parameterized operations. Raster data is organized into bands, themes, or layers and does not represent discrete features like vector data. Raster data comes in different image depths such as one bit (black and white), eight bits (256 shades of gray), or true color (256 values for red, green, and blue pixels). Common raster file formats include TIFF, GEOTIFF, and proprietary formats like ESRI's GRID format. Raster geoprocessing has advantages for representing continuous surfaces and performing analyses like hydrologic modeling but has limitations for network analysis and projects relying on linear

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Chapter 5-

Raster Geoprocessing
Prochnow’s GIS
Geoprocessing
►A collection of spatial analysis
functions.

► GIStools and processes of creating


and modifying geospatial data using
operations that have one or more
parameters.

► Geoprocessing is central to GIS


because it turns geospatial data into
useful spatial information and
Geoprocessing
► Conventionally,raster and vector
geospatial data are processed
separately

► Raster
data more often used in spatio-
temporal modeling in environmental
apps.

► Vector
data used primarily for digital
mapping and resource inventories.
Special Features of Raster
Geospatial Data
► Rasterdata organized into bands, themes,
or layers.

► Raster does not realize discrete features.

► Raster
data sets come in different image
depths (per grid cell).
 One Bit: black and white (0 and 1 only)
 Eight Bits: 256 levels of gray
 True Color: 256 possible values for blue, green
and red each.
Figure 5.1
What is the image depth?
Raster Formats
► Different methods of compression

► Different data sources

► Designed to work with different


softwares.
Generic Raster File Formats
► Simplest Format

► Closest to conceptual raster data


format.

► Includes ASCII and IEEE formats, which


just use text files to store data

► Can be used by all raster platforms


Raster Data Interchange
Format
► Facilitates sharing of raster data.

► Includes
TIFF, GEOTIFF and the USGS
SDTS (which allows for storage with
metadata).
Raster Data Compression
Formats
► Lesscomputer memory (bandwidth)
required.

► Useswavelet algorithms to decompose


rasters.

► Includes GIF, JPEG, and MrSID

► Have compression ratios, like 5:1, 10:1, and


50:1, respectfully.
Remote Sensing Image Formats
► Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, and SPOT images are
stored using one of three binary formats.
 Band Sequential: Each image band is kept as a separate
file.
 Band Interleaved by Line: pixels of each band are recorded
band by band or each line or row of the image.
 Band Interleaved by Pixel: places all the different bands
from a single pixel together.

► Only band sequential usable by GIS and data


compression techniques.

► All formats for a georeferencing header built in.


Figure 5.2
Proprietary Raster Geospatial
Data Formats
► Think of ArcGIS GRID format

► Has an associated value attribute table


(VAT). His enables the use of a
database management system to
manipulate cell values and to relate
the cells to other attributes pertaining
to them.
Figure 5.3
Raster Geoprocessing and
Digital Image Analysis
► RaterProcessing in GIS Differs from Remote
Sensing Image Analysis

► GISRaster Processing focuses on the


Management and Analysis of Geospatial
Data, rather than on the Interpretation of
the Images.
 Determine Spatial Relationships
 Generate New Data Layers
 Develop Models for Spatial Problem Solving
Advantages and Limitations of
Raster GeoProcessing
► Effective Representation Of Continuous
Surfaces

► Fast Computer Processing


 Rasters All Have A Common Framework
 No Need To Calculate Geometric Intersection,
Topological Building, And Error Checking That
Are Needed By Vector Overlays.

► Fast Display Of Surface Data


 No Need For Shading Routines
 Can Build “Pyramids” With Raster.
► Ability to Handle Very Large Databases

► Applicationsthat are difficult or


impossible to perform using vector
data.
 Hydrologic Modeling
 Wildfires
 Pollution Dispersion
The Downside of Raster
Geoprocessing
► Network Analysis Impossible

► Notenough precision for land


surveying

► NotGood for Projects that Rely on


Linear Boundaries.

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