Scribd
Upload
62 views39 pages

Chapter 5b

The document discusses different types of operations that can be performed on raster data. It describes local operations that calculate cell values based on the input cell only. Neighborhood operations calculate values based on neighboring cells. Regional operations identify cells that intersect or fall within regions. The document outlines techniques like logical, arithmetic, and overlay operations and discusses analyzing raster data through classification, aggregation, filtering, and calculating derivatives like slope and aspect.

Uploaded by

api-3705107
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views39 pages

Chapter 5b

The document discusses different types of operations that can be performed on raster data. It describes local operations that calculate cell values based on the input cell only. Neighborhood operations calculate values based on neighboring cells. Regional operations identify cells that intersect or fall within regions. The document outlines techniques like logical, arithmetic, and overlay operations and discusses analyzing raster data through classification, aggregation, filtering, and calculating derivatives like slope and aspect.

Uploaded by

api-3705107
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

Classification of Raster Ops by

Raster Use
► Local Ops: processes that create an
output layer on which the value of
each cell is a function of the cell at the
same location on the input layer.
► Neighborhood Ops: processes that
create an output layer on which the
value of each cell is a function of the
cells neighboring the cell at the same
location on the input layer.
Classification of Raster Ops by
Raster Use
► Extended Neighborhood Ops: processes
that create an output layer on which the
value of each cell is a function of the cells
neighboring and beyond.
► Regional Ops: Processes that create an
output layer by identifying cells that
intersect with or fall within each region on
the input layer.
► Region? – Neighboring features that have
common attributes/values, a grouping.
Raster Geospatial Data Analysis
Techniques
► Logical Operations
► Arithmetic Operations
► Overlay Operations: processes that merge attribute
values from two or more layers.
► Geometric Property Operations: computation of
indicies that describe the geometric properties
pertaining to spatial features on a layer, like shape,
size, angle, topologic relationships.
► Geometric Transformation Ops: scale change,
skewing, image rectification
► Geometric Derivation Ops: Create new features
from a layer, like filtering and surface interpolation.
Figure 5.13
Geometrical Regions
► Defined in abstract spatial terms and
do not take into account the content of
their space.

► Mostoften analytical and created by


buffering and tessellation.
Buffering
► A region containing all locations within a certain
proximity to particular geographically referenced
entity (the origin).

► When lines are buffered, they are called “corridors.”

► Buffers are almost always polygons (vector)


shapefiles.

► They can be used in overlay analysis to provide


information as to what’s contained within the
region.
Figure 5.23
Buffer Land Cover
Brazos Basin NLCD
Water
1%
Wetlands
Urban
0%
Water 1%
8% Outcrop Wetlands
Agriculture 1% 0%
39%

Outcrop
Grassland
1%
36%

Agriculture
55%

Grassland
40% Forest
Forest
6%
11%
Topographical Regions
► Often
define regions according to the
outcome of processes

► Takeinto consideration the content of


space in the region.

► Think watersheds.
Viewsheds
► A set of target cells that can be seen from a point of
reference.

► Single Viewshed: a binary map marking target cells


as visible or not visible from a specific viewpoint.

► Multiple Viewshed: logical binary union of two or


more viewshed maps.

► Cumulative Viewsheds: cells values range from 0 to


max number of theoretical possibility.
Figure 5.25
Viewshed Computational
Issues
► Different
GIS softwares give different results
with same data.

► Curvature of the Earth: Not all software has


it. The effect of the curvature of the Earth’s
surface is to reduce the elevation of a target
by approximately 7.86 m for every 10 km
from the viewpoint.

► Up to 15 m RMSE USGS DEM elevations


Local Operations
► Reclassification
 Binary masking
 Class reduction
 Ranks/Qualitative Analysis

► Overlay Analysis
 Refer to above Buffer corridors for a real-
world example
 Either location specific or category-wide.
Figure 5.14(a)(b)
Figure 5.14(c)(d)
Operations on Local
Neighborhood
Spatial Aggregation
► Rasterdown-sampling
► Reduces number of grid cells
► User must choose “window” size.
► Methods:
 Averaging: averages all input cells in
window
 Central-cell: uses the central cell in the
window
 Median: uses median of all the input cells
in the window.
Figure 5.17
Figure 5.18
Derivatives
► First-order: Slope and Aspect
 Slope : Maximum rate of change of
elevation at a given location.
►Inclation
from horizontal
►Percentage
►0 deg = 0% and 90 deg = 100%

 Aspect: the azimuth of this rate of change


in a downhill direction.
Figure 5.20
Figure 5.21
Using Slope Maps
► Rarely uniformly
distributed
► Slight slopes most
frequent, >15 deg rare
► Non-normal distribution
of slope rules out the
use of parametric
statistical tests for
geospatial
autocorrelations with
slope.
Aspect
► Usually more evenly
distributed than
slope values
► Often have artifacts
of aspect
calculation, a result
of the nine cell
kernels used in their
calculation
Hillshade of Elevation
Hillshade of Slope
Second-order Derivatives
► Rate of change of rate of change
► Often used in geomorphology to look
at hillslope shapes
► Can’t be done in most GIS
Spatial Filtering
► Similar to interpolation, but not used to
estimate unknown values, but to alter an
existing surface
► Kernel = neighborhood of cells around a
central grid cell.
► A new central grid cell value is calculated
from the Kernel value.
► Sequential filtering = new values are used in
the calculation of a neighboring cell.
► Parallel = calculations use unfiltered cells.
Using Low-Pass Filters
► Low Pass Filters Decrease
Autocorrelation between neighboring
cells.
► Take out the noise of an interpolation
► Why use (mainly inappropriate)
 Presentation
 Enhancement of terrain models: takes out
pits, sinks, peaks, and interpolation
terraces…ok in many cases
 Identification of Trends
Chlor Interpolation
Low Filter of Chlor
Interpolation
High Filter of Chlor. Interpolation
High Filter of Rock Creek
Quadrangle in 3D

You might also like