Ecosystem 190103162038
Ecosystem 190103162038
Ecosystem 190103162038
By
A group of organisms of
the same kind living in the
same place is a population.
All the population that live in an ecosystem at the same
time form a community.
• Different communities form ecosystems.
Producer
The special abiotic features are its physical aspects such as the quality of
the water, which includes its clarity, salinity, oxygen content and rate of
flow.
Types of Aquatic Ecosystems
Rivers &
Streams Lakes &
Ponds
Wetlands
Estuaries
Groundwater
Marine
• Aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by the
depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the
overlying water.
Freshwater ecosystems
Covers 0.80% of the Earth's surface
Occupies 0.009% of earths total water
3% of earths net primary production
41% of the world's known fish species are in Fresh water
ecosystem
• There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems
• Less light
Describes an area of
land that contains a
common set of streams
and rivers.
Help protect the coastline from erosion and reduce the damage
from storms. They also provide a home for about 2,000 animal
species.
Rocky coasts
stratified vertically
Where only highest tides reach
a few species of algae and mollusks
Sandier shores
not as stratified
waves keep mud and sand constantly moving
very few algae and plants can establish themselves
the fauna include worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, crabs, and
shorebirds.
Wave Regions
much stronger than wind
decide what grows where
shores classified by amount of wave action
Exposed shores – receive full brunt of the ocean for most or at
least some of the time
Semi-exposed shores – sheltered by barrier islands but still have
to cope with waves
Sheltered shores – shelter of peninsulas and inshore islands
Enclosed shores
river mouths and estuaries
completely sheltered by either a protective rocks or a sand bar
Pelagic – Open Ocean
Firefly squid
three kinds of
photophores
Hatchet Fish
only a few inches long
Viperfish
specially adapted hinged skull
Dragonfish -
stomachs hold
big meals
Bathypelagic Zone
extends down from 1000 to 4000m
only light is from bioluminescent organisms
only food is what trickles down from above, or from eating other
animals
water pressure at this depth is considerable (~100 – 400
atmospheres)
most animals are either black or red in color
very little blue/green light penetrates this deep – red is not
reflected and looks black
Narcomedusa
Vampire Squid
Snake Dragon
Angler Fish
Amphi - crustacean
Basketstar
Shrimp
Medussa
Deep-sea Anemone
Plants and Animals of Oceans
Fringing reefs
Submerged platforms of living coral extending from the
shore into the sea
Barrier reefs
Follow the shore but are separated from it by water
Great Barrier Reef is world’s largest
Types of Coral Reefs
Atolls
Ring-shaped islands of coral in open sea
Form on submerged mud banks or volcano craters
Surround a seawater lagoon
Channels connect lagoon to the sea
Coral Reef Climate
Algae
Green
Red
Brown algae
takes many forms
Coral Reef Plants
Seaweed and Sea grasses
Brown seaweed
Sea grass
Shoal grass
Turtle grass
Fascinating Fact: The Great
Barrier Reef
Sea horse
Octopus
Reef shark
Fascinating Fact: The Sea Horse
Starfish
Coral
Octopus
Zooplankton
Moray Eel
Phytoplankton
Endangered Coral Reefs
Other dangers:
Careless collection of coral specimens
Sedimentation
Inhibits growth of coral polyps
Inhibits algae growth
Upsets balance of the biome
Hydrothermal vent
Hydrothermal vent
heat
Producers Consumers
This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is the TROPHIC STRUCTURE
of an ecosystem.
Decomposers
heat
Food web
pyramids
carnivores
herbivores
producers biomass of producers
biomass of herbivores
biomass of carnivores
Where is our water ?
Oceans 97.23%
Glaciers & Icecaps 2.14%
Ground water 0.61%
Fresh water lakes 0.009%
Inland seas 0.006%
Soil moisture 0.004%
Atmosphere 0.001%
Rivers 0.0001%
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Water quality parameters
Physical
Turbidity, Color, Odour, Total solids, Temperature
Chemical
BOD, DO, COD, TOC, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chlorides, Sulfates,
Alkalinity, pH, Hardness, Fluorides, Iron and Manganese, Heavy metals,
trace elements, and Priority pollutants.
Health problem which caused by chemical factors ex.
Methemoglobenemia / blue baby syndrome (Nitrogen)
Minamata-Pollutant
Biological
Pathogenic Organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) measured by fecal
coliforms
flora and fauna
2 Cases of active disease; approximately 5,900,000 cases of blindness or severe complications annually
Disease Morbidity Mortality Relationship to water supply
(cases/yr) (deaths/yr)
Diarrhoeal diseases 1 billion 3.3 million unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene,
unsafe drinking water
Intestinal helminths 1.5 billion1 100 000 unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene
Schistosomiasis 200 million1 200 000 unsanitary excreta disposal, lack of nearby
safe water sources
Malaria 400 million 1.5 million poor water management and storage
Dengue fever 1.75 million 20 000 poor solid wastes management, water
storage
Jaundice
Cholera
Typhoid
Diarriohea
Need for testing water quality
For drinking water:
To assess safety and palatability of water for consumption
For wastewaters:
To select type and degree of treatment; to control treatment
plant operation
Chemical examination:
To test for chemicals which affect the water quality and/or
which are indicative of pollution
Bacteriological/Biological examination:
To test for the presence of bacterial indicators of pollution and
hence safety for consumption
Overview of analysis
Sl.No. Parameter Method Instruments/Equipment
A. Physico-chemical
1. pH Electrometric pH Meter
2. Conductivity Electrometric Conductivity Meter
3. TDS Electrometric Conductivity/TDS Meter
4. Alkalinity Titration by H2SO4 -
5. Hardness Titration by EDTA -
6. Chloride Titration by AgNO3 -
7. Sulphate Turbidimetric Turbidity Meter
8. Nitrate Ultraviolet screening UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
9. Phosphate Molybdophosphoric acid UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
10. Fluoride SPADNS UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
11. Sodium Flame emission Flame Photometer
12. Potassium Flame emission Flame Photometer
13. Calcium Titration by EDTA -
14. Magnesium Titration by EDTA -
15. Boron Carmine UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
16. BOD 5 days incubation at 20oC BOD Incubator
17. COD Digestion followed by titration COD Digestor
B Bacteriological
18. Total coliform Multiple tube fermentation Bacteriological Incubator
19. Faecal coliform technique
C. Heavy Metals
20. Iron, Manganese, Copper, Nickel, Digestion followed by Atomic Atomic Absorption
Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc spectrometry Spectrometer
D. Pesticides and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
21. Pesticides and Polynuclear Aromatic Gas chromatography Gas Chromatograph with
Hydrocarbons ECD and FID
Pathogens
Testing for pathogens is very difficult, and it is impossible to monitor water
for every single pathogen:
A wide variety of pathogens
Tests for pathogens difficult and time consuming
The number of pathogens present is small
Indicator organisms:
Organisms normally present in the feces of human are used as indicator
organisms.
If present in water, they indicate the presence of fecal material and hence the
presence of intestinal pathogens.
Coliforms as indicator organisms:
The number of coliforms in feces is very great; 125 - 400 billion per capita
daily discharge
Rates of removal/decay/death of coliforms are parallel to that of pathogens
Tests are simple
Easy numerical evaluation
Other Indicator organisms
Bacteriological examination
Bacteriological examination of water actually employs three different
techniques:
(1) total count,
(2) membrane filter method and
(3) multiple tube method
Interest of organisms : Indicator organisms, coliforms, faecal
coliforms and faecal streptococci.
2-record your result for the total number of colonies using colony
counter and fungi each plate.
Fungi isolated Location number of colonies Mean Percen
tage
Bacterial count
__________________________________
Total number of colonies of all species
Thank you