Chapter VI

IP Addressing and Sub netting

Addressing the Network
Assigning Addresses: Static or Dynamic
 IP addresses assigned either statically through an administrator or
dynamically through DHCP
 Static: includes entering the host IP address, subnet mask, and
default gateway
 Advantages over dynamic addresses, useful for printers, servers,
and other networking devices that need to be accessible to clients
on the network
 However, it can be time-consuming to enter the information on each
host
 When using static IP addressing, it is necessary to maintain an accurate list of the
IP address assigned to each device, These are permanent addresses and are not
normally reused.
 Dynamic: DHCP enables the automatic assignment of addressing
information
 It reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually
eliminates entry errors. 2
Addressing the Network
 Dynamic address is not permanently assigned to a host but is only "leased" for a
period of time.
 If the host is powered down or taken off the network, the address is returned to the
pool for reuse. This feature is especially helpful for mobile users that come and go
on a network.

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Addressing the Network
 Addresses for Servers and Peripherals: are a concentration point for network
traffic.
 Should have a static/predictable addresses
 Addresses for Hosts that are Accessible from Internet
 These devices are usually servers of some type
 the addresses should be static & public space addresses
 Addresses for Intermediary Devices: concentration point for network traffic
 Devices such as hubs, switches, and wireless access points do not require
IPv4 addresses to operate as intermediary devices. However, if we need to
access these devices as hosts to configure, monitor, or troubleshoot network
operation, they need to have addresses.
 they should have predictable addresses & should be in a different range
within the network block than user device addresses

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Addressing the Network
 Who assigns the different addresses:( http://www.iana.net )
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA): is the master holder of the IP
addresses.
 The IP multicast addresses and the IPv6 addresses are obtained directly from
IANA.
 Until the mid-1990s, all IPv4 address space was managed directly by the IANA.
At that time, the remaining IPv4 address space was allocated to various other
registries to manage for particular purposes or for regional areas.
 These registration companies are called Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):

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Addressing the Network
Internet Service Provider/ISP’s:
 An ISP will generally supply a small number of usable IPv4 addresses to their
customers as a part of their services, loans or rents.
 To get access to the services of the Internet, we have to connect our data network
to the Internet using an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
 Other services that an ISP generally provides to its customers are DNS services, e-
mail services, and a website.
 Depending on the level of service required and available, customers use different tiers of an
ISP.
 ISPs are designated by a hierarchy based on their level of connectivity to the
Internet backbone. Each lower tier obtains connectivity to the backbone via a
connection to a higher tier ISP

At the top of the ISP hierarchy are

Tier 1 ISPs. These ISPs are large
national or international ISPs that
are directly connected to the
Internet backbone. Their advantages
Are speed & Reliability

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IPV4 Addresses
• An IPV4 address is a 32 bit address that uniquely and universally
defines the connection of a device to the internet.
• IPv4 addresses are unique. They are unique in a sense that each
address defines one and only one, connection to the internet.
• Two device on the internet can never have the same address at the
same time.
• A protocol such as IPv4 that defines address has an address space.
• An address space is the total number of addresses used by the
protocol.
• If a protocol uses N bits to define an address space is 2N Because
each bit can have two different values (0 or 1) and N bits can have
2N values
• IPv4 uses a 32 bit address, which means the address space is 232 or
4,294,967,296.
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IPv4 Addresses
• To make the IPv4 address more compact and easier to read ,
internet addresses are usually written in decimal form with decimal
point (dot) separating the bytes.
• The following an example of the dotted decimal notation
123.234.111.76
Classful Addressing
• In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
• Each class occupies some part of the address space
• We can find the class of an address
• When given the address in binary notation the first few bits can be
immediately tell us the class of the address
• If the address is given in dotted decimal notation , the first byte
describes the class
8
IPV4 Addresses
Classes and Blocks
• One problem with classful addressing is that each class is divided into a
fixed number of blocks with each block having a fixed size as shown in
the following table
Class Number of Blocks Block Size Application
A 128 (0-127) 16,777,216 Unicast
B 16,384 (128-191) 65,536 Unicast
C 2,097,152(192-223) 256 Unicast
D 1 (223-239) 268,435,456 Multicast
E 1 (240 +) 268,435,456 Reserved

• When an organization requested a block of addresses, it was granted one

in class A, B, or C.
• Class A addresses were designed for large organization with a large
number of attached hosts or routers 9
Classless Addressing
• In classful addressing , a large part of the available addresses were
wasted.
• Classful addressing, which is almost obsolete, is replaced with
classless addressing
• To overcome the address depletion and give more organizations
access to the internet, classless addressing was designed and
implemented.
Address Blocks
• In classless addressing, when an entity, small or large, needs to be
connected to the internet, it is granted a block (range) of addresses.
• The size of block (the number of addresses) varies based on the
nature and size of the entity.

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Classless Addressing
• To simplify the handling of addresses, the internet authorities
impose three restriction on classless address blocks
• The address in a block must be contiguous, one after another
• The number of addresses in a block must be a power of
2(1,2,4,8,16…)
• The first address must be evenly divisible
• Example: A classless IP address assigned to a small organization
with only 16 IP Addresses
205.16.37.32
205.16.37.33
.
.
.
205.16.37.47
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Classless Addressing
• A better way to define a block of address in classless addressing is
to select any address in the block and mask it.
• A mask is a 32bit number in which the n left most bits are 1s and
the 32-n rightmost bits are 0s.
• The mask can take a value from 0 to 32
• IN IPV4 classless addressing a block of addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t/n in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses and the /n
defines the mask
• The address and /n notation completely define the whole block
( the first address, the last address , and the number of addresses.
• The first address in the block can be found by setting the 32-n right
most bits in the binary notation of the address 0.
• The last address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost
32-n bits to 1s.
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Classless Addressing
• The number of address in the block can be found by using the
formula 232-n
• Example: Find the first address, the last address and the number of
addresses in the following classless block 205.16.37.39/28
Solution
Step 1: Convert the dotted decimal representation into binary
representation 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
Step 2: To find the first address in the block convert the 32-28 right
most bits to 0. 11001101 00010000 00100101
00100000=205.16.37.32.
Step 3: To find the first address in the block convert the 32-28 right
most bits to 1. 11001101 00010000 00100101
00101111=205.16.37.47.
Step 4: The number of address is 232-28 is 16.
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Addressing the Network
The subnet mask: Is it on my network?
 IPv4 address has a network portion and a host portion
 Subnet mask is used to create and specify the network and host portions
 We referred to the prefix length as the number of bits in the address giving us the
network portion
 The prefix and the subnet mask are different ways of representing the network
portion of an address

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Addressing the Network
 The subnet mask: The Network Address
 When an IPv4 packet is created or forwarded, the destination network address
must be extracted from the destination address.
 This is done by a logic called AND
 The IPv4 host address is logically ANDed with its subnet mask to determine the
network address to which the host is associated
 When this ANDing between the address and the subnet mask is performed,
the result yields the network address

Anding operation:

 1 AND 1 = 1
 1 AND 0 = 0
 0 AND 1 = 0
 0 AND 0 = 0

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Addressing the Network
The subnet mask: The Network Address
Example: ANDing of an IPv4 host address and subnet mask

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 Addressing the network
Subnetting Basics

• Subnetting allows for creating multiple logical networks from a single

address block, But what are the implications of dividing networks for the
network planners?
Dividing the Network into right size:
 Every network within the internetwork of a corporation or organization is
designed to accommodate a finite number of hosts.
 Some networks, such as point-to-point WAN links, only require a
maximum of two hosts.
 Other networks, such as a user LAN in a large building or department, may
need to accommodate hundreds of hosts.
 Network administrators need to devise the internetwork addressing scheme
to accommodate the maximum number of hosts for each network.
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Network Administrators must Consider the following points:
 Determine the Total Number of Hosts
 This includes end user devices, servers, intermediate devices, and
router interfaces
 Determine the Number and Size of the Nets based on common groupings
of hosts
 We subnet our network to overcome issues with location, size, and
control.
 Grouping based on common geographic location
 Grouping hosts used for specific purposes
 Grouping based on ownership
 Addressing the Network
Subnetting Basics
How to create subnets:
 By using one or more of the host bits as network bits.
 This is done by extending the mask to borrow some of the bits from the host
portion of the address to create additional network bits
 For each bit borrowed, we double the number of sub networks available.
 For example, if we borrow 1 bit, we can define 2 subnets, If we borrow 2
bits, we can have 4 subnets.
Example: if we borrow one bit
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 – Subnet 1
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 -- Subnet 2
If we borrow two bit
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 – Subnet 1
11111111.11111111.11111111.01000000 -- Subnet 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 – Subnet 3
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 -- Subnet4
 However, with each bit we borrow, fewer host addresses are available per subnet.

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Addressing the Network
Subnetting Basics
Example:
 RouterA in the figure has two interfaces to interconnect two networks.
Given an address block of 192.168.1.0 /24, we need to create two
subnets.

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Addressing the Network
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting Basics
Example:
 RouterA in the figure has two interfaces to interconnect two networks.
Given an address block of 192.168.1.0 /24, we need to create two subnets.
 We borrow one bit from the host portion by using a subnet mask of
255.255.255.128, instead of the original 255.255.255.0 mask.
 The most significant bit in the last octet is used to distinguish between
the two subnets.
 For one of the subnets, this bit is a "0" and for the other subnet this bit
is a "1".
 Formula for calculating subnets we can create by borrowing bits of host
address
 2^n where n = the number of bits borrowed
 In this example, the calculation looks like this:
 2^1 = 2 subnets
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Addressing the Network
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting Basics
Example:
 Formula for calculating the number of hosts in the subnet
 2^n - 2 where n = the number of bits left for hosts
 Applying this formula, (2^7 - 2 = 126) shows that each of these subnets
can have 126 hosts.
 For each subnet, examine the last octet in binary. The values in these
octets for the two networks are:
 Subnet 1: 00000000 = 0
 Subnet 2: 10000000 = 128
 See the figure for the addressing scheme for these networks

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Addressing the Network
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting Basics
Example 2: consider an internetwork that requires three subnets.
 Again we start with the same 192.168.1.0 /24 address block.
 Borrowing a single bit would only provide two subnets.
 To provide more networks, we change the subnet mask to
255.255.255.192 and borrow two bits. This will provide four subnets.
Calculate the subnet :
2^2 = 4 subnets
calculate the number of hosts, begin by examining the last octet:
Subnet 0: 0 = 00000000
Subnet 1: 64 = 01000000
Subnet 2: 128 = 10000000
Subnet 3: 192 = 11000000
Apply the host calculation formula:
2^6 - 2 = 62 hosts per subnet
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Addressing the Network
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting Basics
Example: 2

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Addressing the Network
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting Basics
Example: 2

 Addressing scheme for the subnetted networks.

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Addressing the Network
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting a subnet/VLSM
 Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) was designed to maximize
addressing efficiency.
 When identifying the total number of hosts using traditional subnetting,
we allocate the same number of addresses for each subnet.
 If all the subnets have the same requirements for the number hosts,
these fixed size address blocks would be efficient. However, most often
that is not the case.
 For example: the topology in the next slide shows a subnet
requirement of seven subnets, one for each of the four LANs and one
for each of the three WANs.
 With the given address of 192.168.20.0, we need to borrow 3 bits from
the host bits in the last octet to meet our subnet requirement. 26
 These bits are borrowed bits by changing the corresponding subnet
mask bits to "1s" to indicate that these bits are now being used as
network bits.
 The last octet of the mask is then represented in binary by 11100000,
which is 224. The new mask of 255.255.255.224 is represented with
the /27 notation to represent a total of 27 bits for the mask.
 In binary this subnet mask is represented as:
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
 After borrowing three of the host bits to use as network bits, this
leaves five host bits. These five bits will allow up to 30 hosts per
subnet.
 It seems the task of dividing the network into an adequate number of
networks is done but, with a significant waste of unused addresses.
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting a subnet/VLSM
 For example, only two addresses are needed in each subnet for the WAN
links. There are 28 unused addresses in each of the three WAN subnets that
have been locked into address these address blocks.
 Further, this limits future growth by reducing the total number of subnets
available. This inefficient use of addresses is characteristic of Classful
addressing.

 So How can subnetting a subnet can be used to maximize address

28
utilization?
Calculating Addresses: Subnetting a subnet/VLSM
 To create these smaller subnets for the WAN links, begin with 192.168.20.192/27.
 We can divide this subnet in to many smaller subnets.
 To provide address blocks for the WANS with two addresses each, we will borrow
three additional host bits to be used as network bits.
 Address: 192.168.20.192 In Binary: 11000000.10101000.00010100.11000000
 Mask: 255.255.255.252 30 Bits in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

 With this addressing, we have subnets 4, 5, and 7 available for future networks, as
well as several other subnets available for WANs. 29