GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

Introduction Of Statistics
Statistics is derived from the latin word “STATIS” which means a
“Political State”.

The word statistics was first used by a German author “Grottfried

Achenwale” in 1749.

He is also known as The Father Of Statistics.

Meaning :- Statistics is concerned with scientific method

for collecting, organising, summarising, presenting &
analysing data as well as drawing valid conclusions.
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DEFINITION:-

“Statistics are numerical Statements of facts in any

department of enquiry Placed in relation to each other.”

- ACCORDING TO BOWLEY –

CHARACTERSTICS OF STATISTICS:-
1. Aggregate of facts.
2. Numerically expressed.
3. Collected in systematic manner.
4. For predetermined purpose.
5. Placed in relation to each other.
6. Conducting the field survey.
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Classification of Data
Classification of data is a technique with the help of which the
collected data are divided into various groups, so as to facilitate
the analysis, tabulation & interpretation.

TYPES OF
DATA

ON THE BASIS OF ON THE BASIS OF ON THE BASIS OF ON THE BASIS OF

OTHER TYPES
ORGANISATION SOURCES COLLECTION CHARACTERISTICS

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 Types of Data

On The Basis
On the Basis of On the Basis of On the Basis of
Of
Organization Sources Collection
Characteristics

Raw Data Internal Data Primary Data Qualitative Data

Processed Data External Data Secondary Data Quantitative Data

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 Tabulation of Data
The process of presenting the classified data into tabular form is
called tabulation.

The purpose of table is to simplify the presentation of data & to

facilitate comparison.

DEFINITION:-
”Tabulation in its broadest sense,is an orderly arrangement
of data in column & rows.”
- ACCORDING TO BLAIR

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Structure of Table/Main Parts of a Table
1. Table number.
2. Title.
3. Stub . 7. The foot note.
4. Caption. 8. The source note.
5. Main body.
6. Head note/preferatory note.
 Specimen of Table:-
TABLE NO. _______
TITLE _____ Columns
HEAD NOTE(IF ANY) ______
CAPTION CAPTION TOTAL
STUB BODY

Rows
TOTAL

FOOTNOTE ______
SOURCE NOTE ______ 7
 Objectives of Tabulation:-
1. Systematic presentation of statistical data.
2. Classification of problem in brief & with simplicity.
3. Facilitate the interpretation.
4. Facilitate comparison.
5. Facilitate the analysis & drawing conclusion.

Advantage of Tabulation:-
1. Easily understood.
2. Leaves lasting impression.
3. Saves time & energy.
4. Helps in detecting errors & omission.
5. Avoids repetition of data.
6. Can easily remembered. 8
Frequency Distribution

Meaning of Frequency:-
The number of time each value of a variable occurs in known as
its frequency.

Meaning of Frequency Distribution

•Frequency distribution is classified according to the number
possessing the same value of the variable.

•When a frequency distribution is presented in a tabular form is

known as frequency table.

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 Forms of
Frequency
Distribution

Individual Series Discrete Series Or Grouped Series Or

Or Individual Discrete Grouped
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Distribution Distribution Distribution

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Diagrammatic Presentation
It is the most convincing,attractive & appealing way of making peple
to understand the data.
Such presentation creats a lasting impression on the viewer.
It helps us in drawing conclusions easily.

Objectives :-
1. Making complex data easily understandable.
2. Making comparison easy.
3. Making data universally useful.
4. Making the data long lasting & readily accessible.
5. Making the data clear & better for those who make use of these
data.
6. Saving the time & labour in analysing & interpretation. 11
 Merits of Diagrammatic Presentation:-
1. Easy to understand.
2. Attractive & appealing.
3. Long lasting & impressive diagrams.
4. Economy of time & labour.
5. Comparisons are made easy.

 Limitations :-
1. Minor differences in figure cannot be shown easily.
2. Diagramatic presentation makes only comparison possible.
3. It only gives limited information.for details one has to see
elsewhere.
4. It doesnot help in getting correct conclusions.
5. In this the data may be used according to the will of the users.
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 Line
Diagram

Simple Bar
Pie Diagram
Diagram

Types Of
Diagrams

Percentage
Bar Diagram
Cartogram

Pictographs

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Graphical Presentation

Data presented with the help of mathematical graphs are

known as Graphic Presentation.

When these numerical figures are represented pictorially or

graphically,they become more noticeable & easily
intelligible,leaving a more lasting effect on the mind of the
observer.

 With the help of these pictures or graphs,data can be

compared easily.

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Importance of Graphic Presentation:-
1. Graphs make the presentation easy.
2. Graphs make the complex data simpler.
3. Graphs attract the attention most.
4. Graphs are easy to understand.
5. Graphs may facilitate in forecasting.
6. Graphs leave lasting impression.

 Construction of Graph:-
1. Heading/Title.
2. Scale.
3. Footnote.
4. Sourcenote.
5. Attractive presentation.
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 Types Of Graph

Time Series Frequency

Graph Graph

One Variable Histogram

Graph

Two Or More Frequency

Than Two Polygon
Variable

Frequency Curve

O-give Or
Cumulative
Frequency Curve

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TIME SERIES GRAPH
When variables about any fact are arranged over a period of
time, this type of distribution is known as time series & its
graphical presentation is known as TIMES SERIES GRAPH.

Types of Time Series

Graph

Two or More than Two

One Variable Graph
Variable Graph
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Frequency Graph
Frequency graphs or frequency distribution graphs are those graphs which are drawn
with the help of frequency.

HISTOGRAM

OGIVE OR TYPES OF
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY POLYGON
CURVE GRAPH

FREQUENCY
CURVE
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Concept of Central Tendency
Central tendency refers to a central value or a representative
value of a statistical series.

Definition :-
 An average is a single value within the range of the data that is
used to represent all of the values in the series. Since an average
is somewhere within the range of data,it is sometimes called
measure of central value.”
- According to Croxton & Cowden -

 “An average is a figure that represents the whole group.”

- According to Clark -
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Purpose & Functions of Averages:-
1. Brief description.
2. Comparison.
3. Formulation of policies.
4. Statistical analysis.
5. One value for all.

 Essentials of a Good Average:-

1. Clear & stable definition.
2. Representative.
3. Simplicity.
4. Certanity.
5. Absolute number.
6. Least effect of a change in a sample.
7. Algebraic treatment. 20
 Kinds Of
Statistical
Average

Mathematical Positional
Averages Averages

Median
Simple Weighted

Arithmetic Mode
Mean (A.M)

Geometric
Mean (G.M)

Harmonic
Mean (H.M)

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 Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
The mean (or average) of a set of data values is the sum of all of the data
values divided by the number of data values. 

That is:

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Example 1
The marks of seven students in a mathematics test with a maximum possible mark of 20 are given
below:
 15     13     18     16     14     17     12
Find the mean of this set of data values.
Solution:

So, the mean mark is 15.

Symbolically, we can set out the solution as follows:

So, the mean mark is 15. 23

 Arithmetic Mean
(A.M.)

Simple Mean Weighte

d Mean

Individua DIRECT
l Discrete Grouped METHOD
Series Series
Series
DIRECT DIRECT DIRECT
SHORT-CUT
METHOD METHOD METHOD
METHOD

STEP-
SHORT-CUT SHORT-CUT SHORT-CUT
DEVIATION
METHOD METHOD METHOD
METHOD
STEP- STEP- STEP-
DEVIATION DEVIATION DEVIATION
METHOD METHOD METHOD
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FORMULA TO CALCULATE A.M.

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 Formula To Calculate Simple Mean

Direct Shortcut Step- Deviation

Nature of Series
Method Method Method

1. Individual
Series

2. Discrete
Series

3. Continuous
Series
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 Formula To Calculate Weighted Mean

Nature of Series Individual Series Discrete Series

Weighted
Mean

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CALCULATION OF A.M.

INDIVIDUAL SERIES:-
Individual series means where
frequencies are not given. Here the mean can be founded by
three methods.

Example1

Find the mean of the following figures:-

1 6 10 22 21 17 14 5 3 1
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Solution
S.NO X(No of students) dx =(x-a) Ds
1 1 -20 -20
2 6 -15 -15
3 10 -11 -11
4 22 1 1
5 21 0 0
6 17 -4 -4
7 14 -7 -7
8 5 -16 -16
9 3 -18 -18
10 1 -20 -20
N=10 X=100 ∑dX =110 ∑ds= 110
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DISCRETE SERIES:-
Discrete series means where frequencies
are given but the variable is without day interval. Here the mean
can be found by 3 methods.

EXAMPLE1.

Calculate A.M. from following data:

Marks
55 75 165 330 375
obtained
No.of
6 35 60 74 25
students
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SOLUTION
X F Fx Dx Fdx ds Fds
55 6 330 -110 -660 -22 -132
75 35 2625 -90 -3150 -18 -430
165 60 9900 0 0 0 0

330 74 24420 165 12210 33 2442

375 25 9375 210 5250 42 1050

∑f= 100 ∑fx= 46650 ∑fdx=13650 ∑fds=2730

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Geometric Mean
The geometric mean also called geometric average, is the
nth root of the product of n non-negative quantities. It is
denoted by G or G.M.

For example:-
(i) Geometric mean of 4 and 16 is just the square root of
their product; that is
G.M. = 2√4 × 16 = √64 = 8

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Geometric Mean is defined as the Nth root of the
product of the N term or values.

More generally, if the numbers are x1,x2,……xn, the

geometric mean G satisfies

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In order to facilitate the calculations logarithms are used. Thus

G.M. = Antilog or

= Antilog

COMPUTATION OF GEOMETRIC MEAN IN INDIVIDUAL SERIES

EXAMPLE 1. The monthly income of 10 families in a locality is as follows. Find the

geometric mean.

FAMILY A B C D E F G H I J

INCOME 85 70 15 75 500 8 45 250 40 36

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SOLUTION
FAMILY INCOME (IN RS.) LOGARITHMS
(x) (LOG x)
A 85 1.9294
B 70 1.8451
C 15 1.1761
D 75 1.8751
E 500 2.6990
F 8 0.9031
G 45 1.6532
H 250 2.3979
I 40 1.6021
J 36 1.5563
N= 10 ∑ log x = 17.6373

G.M. = Antilog

= Antilog

= Antilog 1.76373 = Rs. 58.03 35

 COMPUTATION OF GEOMETRIC MEAN OF DISCRETE SERIES
EXAMPLE 1. Calculate geometric mean from the following data:

Size of 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
item
frequenc 2 4 5 3 3 2 1
y

SOLUTION
x Log x f F × log x
G.M. = Antilog
10 1.0000 2 2.0000
11 1.0414 4 4.1656
= Antilog
12 1.0792 5 5.3960
13 1.1139 3 3.3417 =
14 1.1461 3 3.4383 =Antilog 1.0949
15 1.1761 2 2.3522 = 12.45 units
16 1.2041 1 1.2041
N = 20 ∑ f × log x =
21.8979
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 COMPUTATION OF GEOMETRIC MEAN IN GROUPED SERIES

EXAMPLE 1. The following table shows the marks of 20 students. Calculate the
geometric mean from below table:
Marks 0 – 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
No. of 1 2 6 6 5
students

SOLUTION
marks Mid- point Frequency Log x F × log x
(x) (f) G.M.= Antilog
0 -10 5 1 0.6990 0.6990
10-20 15 2 1.1761 2.3522
= Antilog
20-30 25 6 1.3979 8.3874
30-40 35 6 1.5441 9.2646 = Antilog1.44846
40-50 45 5 1.6532 8.2660
= 28.08 marks
N = 20 ∑ f × log x =
28.9692
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Merits And Demerits Of Geometric Mean
MERITS DEMERITS

The geometric mean is rigidly defined . Geometric mean is neither easy to calculate
nor is it simple to understand.
 

It is based on all the observations of a series. If any value in a series is zero the geometric
mean would also be zero.
It is capable of further algebraic treatment. Like arithmetic average it may be a value
which does not exist in the series. 

Geometric mean is not much affected by the The property of giving more weight to
fluctuations of sampling. smaller items may in some cases prove to be
a drawback of the geometric mean.

Geometric mean is appropriate when large If a value is negative geometric mean

observations are to be given less weight. becomes an imaginary figure. 

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 HARMONIC MEAN (H.M.)
Harmonic Mean of a series of positive values is the reciprocal of the
arithmetic average of the reciprocals of those values.
Harmonic mean is denoted by H or H.M.

COMPUTATION OF HARMONIC MEAN IN INDIVIDUAL SERIES

Let x1, x2,………., xN be the values of variable X, their Harmonic

mean is given by –

H.M. = Reciprocal of OR

=
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EXAMPLE 1. Calculate H.M. of the following measurements-
6, 10, 15, and 20
=
SOLUTION
H.M. =

= 10.43

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 CALCULATION OF HARMONIC MEAN IN
DISCRETE SERIES
EXAMPLE Find the harmonic mean from the following data-

AGE (IN 50 51 52 53 54 55
YEARS)
NO. OF 2 4 10 6 2 2
PERSON

SOLUTION Calculation of harmonic mean -

H.M. = Reciprocal of

= Reciprocal of

= Reciprocal of 0.01913 = 52.2

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AGE IN YEARS NO. OF PERSON RECIPROCALS PRODUCT OF
(x) (f) COLOUMNS
(2)×(3)
1 2 3 4

50 2 0.02000 0.04000

51 4 0.01961 0.07844

52 10 0.01923 0.19230

53 6 0.01887 0.11322

54 2 0.01852 0.03704

55 2 0.01818 0.03636

N= 26 = 0.49736

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 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HARMONIC
MEAN
MERITS DEMERITS
Its definition is precise and its value is always Harmonic mean is not readily understood nor
definite. can it be calculated with ease.

Like arithmetic average and geometric mean It gives a very high weight age to small items
this average is also based on all the and for analysis of
observations of the series. Economic data it is not very useful.

Harmonic mean is capable of further algebraic It is usually a value, which does not exist in a
treatment. series.

Like geometric mean this average is also not Generally it is not a good representative of a
affected very much by fluctuations of statistical series, unless the phenomenon is
sampling. such where small items have to be given a very
high weight age.

It gives greater importance to small items and

as such a single big item cannot push up its
value.
It measures relative changes and is extremely
useful in averaging certain types of ratios and
rates. 43
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A.M., G.M., H.M.
There are two relationship between A.M. G.M. AND H.M. They
are—

• A.M.≥ G.M. ≥ H.M. under certain conditions.

•For any two observations

(G.M.) = √A.M. × H.M.

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