Magnetism and electromagnetism intro ALWAYS CHECK

ALL QS TO SEE IF IT NEEDS TO WRITE FLHR, FRHR, RHGR

Magnetism meaning – a non-contact force that acts at a distance due
to a magnetic field.
The Law of Magnetism - When two magnets are held close together,
there will be an attractive or repulsive force between the magnets
depending on how they are arranged
Magnet – is an object that has a magnetic field (such as iron, steel,
cobalt and nickel)
magnetic field means – A region surrounding a magnet where other
magnets or magnetic matieral will experience a force
Magnetic field lines show 3 things:
1. Shape of the magnetic field
2. Direction –north to south
3. Strength – more closer, more stronger

Metal rods get current form touching a coil with current because:
4. The current creates a magnetic field which causes the metal rod to
become magnetised

The direct current in the coil is replaced by an alternating current.

Explain what will happen to the magnetic field.[2]
An alternating current will cause the current in the wires to switch at a
regular frequency. This will cause the magnetic field to constantly
switch direction and may mean the rods do not have time to become
fully magnetized. The amount of magnetic field retained by the rods
will be influenced by the hysteresis effect.
 Permanent and induced magnets

Magnetic materials Magnetic induction

Meaning: when a magnetic matieral is placed in a
magnetic filed, the matieral can temporarily become
Magnetically soft Magnetically hard
magnetized.
materials (e.g.: materials (e.g.:
iron) – for steel) – for
This results in a force being exerted on the material,
electromagnetis permanent
when the material is removed form the magnetic
m magnets
field, it will start to lose its magnetism depending
- Are easy to - Are hard to
where it is magnetically hard or soft.
magnetize magnetize
- Easily lose - Do not easily
their lose their
magnetism magnetism
What is a permanent magnet?
- A magnet that can produce its own magnetic field
Explain what is Explain what is
- Repel or attract other magnets
soft magnetic hard magnetic
- Attract magnetic materials
materials:? materials:?
- Made form hard magnetic materials
Materials get Materials get
- Can not be demagnetized.
magnetized when magnetized when
an external an external
 Plotting the magnetic field (practical)

Using plotting compasses [4] Creating a uniform field [3]

Using iron filling [3] 1. Place compass around magnet 1. A uniform magnetic field can be
1.Place the magnet under and mark tis direciton produced by placing two permanent
paper 2. Place compass in new position bar magnets close to each other
2. Separate iron filling over and mark its direciton again 2. with a north pole facing a south pole.
3. Tap paper gently to reveal 3. Directions linked toughed to 3. The uniform magnetic field will be
pattern to show field lines find a filed line produced in the region of space
4. Then repeat to find other lines between the two poles.
at a different place
Electromagnetism How electric current is produced on a large scale?
An electromagnet is rotated aorund a coil
When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic
field is produced around the wire

Oersted principle – there is a relation between electricity and

magnetic field.

Current in a straight wire

Direction of field – right hand grip rule

Current in a circular loop (flat)

Each point of the loop follows right hand grip rule but north
and south overall determined by solenoid right hand grip rule

When drawing [3]:

-1 straight vertical lines
-2 circles
-add extra lines
-show all field direction
=electromagnetism 2

Use right hand grip rule

Thumb – direction to north pole
Fingers – direciton of current

How to make an electromagnet [3]:

1. An electromagnet is made up of a solenoid ( a coil of wire) wrapped
around an iron core
2. The current in wires produces a magnetic field
3. The iron core icnreases the strength of the electromagnet

Strength of the electromagnet can be increased by:

4. Increase the current
5. Increase the number roof turns on the coil
6. Wrapping the solenoid around an iron core.
What is a solenoid?
Describe the changes that allow the electromagnet to release the door
A coil of wire which turns into an electromagnet when there is
when the fire alarm sounds [3]:
current flow
7. When the fire alarm sounds, the current in the coil reduces.
8. This means that the magnetic field produced by the electromagnet is
weaker.
9. As a result, the magnetic force holding the iron plate to the
electromagnet is reduced to the extent that the door is released.
electromagnetism 3

Using electromagnets 4. Car ignition circuit

1. The electric bell A similar arrangement as above is used to start motor of car
(starter motor).
1. The electric bell Here only difference is that both the power supply from car
Switch on - circuit completes & current flows. battery.
The electromagnet magnetized - attracts iron armature (striker
hit the gong - bell sounds once)2. Circuit breaker
- When armature moves - gap created
UsedWhento at
cutthe
offcontact (circuit
high(S)current.
switch closed
breaks - current flow stops) If current is too high-electromagnet - a small current pass through the
circuit left (no harm - low becomes
voltage). As strong
current enough
pass - coil to
The electromagnet demagnetized pull -the
theiron
ironcatch.
armature returns
to original position (by the spring) magnetized & attracts iron armature (Y pushes high voltage
Iron catch moves - the contact opens and circuit breaks. Once
circuit).
The circuit is again complete - the wholecorrected
problem process begins again - iron catch repositioned by the
in thecloses
circuit
High voltage circuit - motor starts.
resetWhen
button.turn off left switch-coil demagnetize - cut the high
3. The relay switch voltage power supply.
Turning on/off of a large current is dangerous.
To avoid this - a relay switch can be used.
Relay switch uses a small current only.
Relay switch - on/off second circuit (high voltage).
The motor effect
Meaning: conductor experiences a push from the stronger field to
weaker field.

Magnetic field lenses interacting

Opposite direction – cancels field strength
Same direction - adds field strength

The force on a charge particle

when a charged particle passes through a magnetic field, the field can
exert a force on the particle, causing it to deflect
The force is always at 90 degrees to both the direction of travel and
the magnetic field lines
The direction can be worked out by using Fleming's left-hand rule
If it is travelling parallel to the field lines = it will experience no force
If it is travelling perpendicular to the field lines = it will experience max
force
If it is travelling at an angle to the field lines = it will experience a small
force
Motor effect 2
Flemings left hand rule

Motor principle

To make motor stronger:

1. Increase the number of loops – make a coil
2. Increase the strength of the magnetic field – strong magnet
3. Increase the current

Force on a current carrying conductor

The speed at which the coil rotates can be increased by:
4. Increasing the current
5. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field

The direction of rotation of coil in the dace motor can be changed by:
6. Reversing the direction of the current
7. Reversing the direction of the magnetic field by reversing the poles
of the magnet

The force supplied by the motor can be increased by:

Motor 3

Explain working of a dc motor / The simple D.Sc. motor consists of a The coil is connected to a center-reading meter by met
coil Ina unfirm magnetic field brushes that press on two metal slip rings (or commuta
1. Principle of dc motor – current caring conductor placed in a rings) The slip rings and brushes provide a continuous
magnetic field experiences a force connection between the coil and the meter
2. When a current passes through coil – it creates a magnetic file
around the coil
3. This algetic field aroudn the coil interacts with the field of the
magnets
4. This interaction produces and exerts a force on the coil
How are electric motors kept rotating?
5. The direciton of the force is in accordance with the left-hand rule
A communicator is used
and follows the motor effect
This switches the current direction in every half turn – which keep
6. This force pushes once side of the coil up and the other side down,
the coil keep spinning.
causing it to spin
7. The commutator reverses the direciton of the current in the coil
every half churn. This reverse the direction of the forces, which
keeps the coil spinning

what happens to a current carrying conductor Ina magnetic field?

Points 3-6, then say
‘___this makes the ___ move ___
Motor 4

Suggest how the curved magnets and the piece of iron improve the
performance of the electric motor [2]

A radially curved magnet (i.e. the magnet shown in the diagram) will
allow the magnetic field to act all the way around. This will act on a
greater region than a uniform field.
This means the rotating coil will stay in the magnetic field for a longer
period of time.
Moving-coil loudspeaker

Explain working of a loud speaker [9]:

1. Loudspeakers work using the motor effect
2. An alternating current passes through the coil and the alternating
current changes direction continuously
3. This creates an alternating magnetic field aorund the coil
4. Which interacts with the field form the permanent magnet
5. Producing a force on the coil
6. In accordance with the left-hand rule
7. Since the magnetic field around the coil alternates with the
current, the direciton of the force, and therefore the direciton of
motion, will reverse the current
8. Continuously revering the direciton of motion causes the
vibrations in the coil and since the coil is in contact to the cone, the
cone alone vibrates
9. The vibration og the cone causes air particles to vibrate, producing
sound waves
Electric generator
When a current flowing – there's is a motion – motor principle
When there is motion – there is a current flowing – generator principle

Electromagnetic induction
Meaning: if a conductor (wire) is moved right angle in a magnetic field
– a voltage is induced in the conductor as a potential difference is
induced.

The size of the induced voltage (current) can be increased by:

1. Moving wire more quickly
2. Using a stronger magnet
3. Wrap the wire into coil (more turns) – solenoid

Pushing magnet into a coil

The size og the induced voltage (current) can be increased by:
4. Moving the magnet more quickly
5. Using a stronger magnet
6. 3. using a coil with more turns
7. Using a coil with large cross-sectional area
8.
Electromagnetic induction 2

Faradays' law
The size of induced voltage is directly proportional to the ergate at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field lines.
Q: magnet is released form greater height, how does this affect vantage?
There will be a greater rate of change of voltage ebcuase more field lines will be cut by the wires per second as the magnet will
be travelling faster.

Q:State how the voltmeter reading changes when the same magnet
a) moves more slowly into the coil
-The deflection of the voltmeter will be smaller
b) moves into a coil with more turns
I -The deflection of the voltmeter will be greater
-More turns means more field lines will be cut
c) is reversed so that the 5-pole enters the coil first.
-The deflection of the voltmeter will be in the opposite direction
-This is because of the right hand rule, a flipped field will flip the current.

Lenz’s law
The direciton of the induced current is such as to oppose the change causing it
When you try to push bar met inside, it will oppose (same poles)
When you try to pull the bar magnet outside – it will attract (opposite poles)
The system tries to oppose charge so even if the magnet is flipped, the north and south of the solenoid will flip too
Electromagnetic induction 3

Explain working of a generator [4]:

1. Principle of generator – when a conductor cuts magnetic field, a
voltage is induced in the conductor
2. As the coil rotates, it cuts algetic field lines of the magnet
3. This induces a voltage in the coil
4. Which could then create a current
5. The direciton of the current is I accordance eight the right-hand Alternator is a type of generator
rule

The size of this voltage can eb increased by:

6. Turning the coil faster The generator effect can be used to:
7. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field Generate a.c in an generator
How ac current is generated?
8. Adding more turns to the coil Generate d.c in a dynamo
A coil of wire rotated in a magnetic field.
The end of the coil is connected to slip rings – which changes the direction
of current while rotating.
Explain working of a dynamo: This means an ac is produced.
9. Instead of turning a coil inside a magnetic field, a magnet is orated
inside (or next to) a coil
10. The magnet inside the dynamo creates a magnetic field
11. When the rotor is turned, the magnet orates, and the field line
scut through the sides of the coil
12. This induces a voltage in the coil (which can then create a current)
Transformers

Explain working of a transformer:

1. A transformer is sued to increase or decrease the voltage of an
alternating current
2. Transformers work on principle of metal induction
3. When an alternating current is supplied to the primary coil, a
changing magnetic field is produced in the primary coil
4. This field passes through the iron core and through the secondary
coil
5. The changing magnetic field interacts with the secondary coil
6. This induces a voltage in the secondary coil
7. This voltage is also alternating and has the same frequency as the
original current
Transformers

Why there are step – up and step-down tenderers in the transmission

line. (how the transmission of power made more effacement by using
step – up and step-down transformers)

1. Before transmission of power through cables, a step-up

transformer is sued. This will increase voltage and reduce current
2. Due to reisstance of the cables used for power transmission, part
of electrical energy is converted into unwanted heat. This will
cause energy loss or power loss. To reduce reisstance/power loss –
thicker cables can be used, but there is a limitation)
3. Power loss of the cable is calculated by P=I2 R, if current is more –
power loss is more
4. As current is directly linked to power loss or heating of the cables,
less current during transmission will increase the energy output
5. A step down transomed is sued to reduce voltage and increase
current appropriate for consumer usage (as high voltage cannot be
used in houses)
n(efference) = useful energy output/total energy input
Transformers

Mutual induction
Where the magnetic field generated by a coil induces voltage in an Step-up Transformer
adjacent coil. N S > NP

Why use a soft iron core?

If only coils – then magnetic file scatters – no proper formation of
current in secondary coil.
Soft Irion core – reduces magnetic field leakage – directs field lines to
Iron core use?
secondary
The core concentrates the magnetic field more.
Magnetic field passes through the core more easily
Is current form primary flow to secondary though soft iron core?
than – it would pass through air
The coils are insulated – so no direct flow of current – only magnetic
field I directed
Why the transformer has a soft iron core?
Reduces field leakage
Equation—
Directs field lines to secondary coil
If a transformer is 100% efficient, the electrical energy entering in
primary coil = electrical energy leaving the secondary coil
The power in = power out P=VI
Pin = Pout
VP X IP = VS X IS