GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF

HIGHWAYS/FREEWAYS
(CE - 806)

Earthwork and Mass Diagrams

 Terrain Effects on Route Location

 Don’t forget your design

criteria (grades, etc)
 Attempt to minimize
amount of earthwork
necessary
 Set grade line as close as
possible to natural ground
level
 Set grade line so there is a
balance between excavated http://www.agtek.com/highway.htm
volume and volume of
embankment

2
Earthwork Analysis
 Take cross-sections (typically 50 feet)
 Plot natural ground level
 Plot proposed grade profile
 Indicate areas of cut and fill
 Calculate volume between cross-sections

3
Average End Area Method
 Assumes volume between two consecutive cross
sections is the average of their areas multiplied by
the distance between them

V = L(A1 + A2)÷(2*27)
V = volume (yd3)
A1 and A2 = end areas of cross-sections 1 & 2 (ft2)
L = distance between cross-sections (feet)

4
 5
Source: Garber and Hoel, 2002
Shrinkage
 Material volume increases during excavation
 Decreases during compaction
 Varies with
 soil type
 fill height
 cut depth

6
Swell
 Excavated rock used in embankment
occupies more space
 May amount to 30% or more

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Computing Volume (Example)
Shrinkage = 10%, L = 100 ft
Station 1:
Cut Area = 6 ft2
Fill Area = 29 ft2

Cut Fill Ground line

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Computing Volume (Example)
Shrinkage = 10%
Station 2:
Cut Area = 29 ft2
Fill Area = 5 ft2

Cut
Fill
Ground line

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Vcut = L (A1cut + A2cut) = 100 ft (6 ft2 + 29 ft2) = 64.8 yd3 *
54 54

Vfill = L (A1fill + A2fill) = 100 ft (29 ft2 + 5 ft2) = 63.0 yd3

54 54

Fill for shrinkage = 63.0 * 0.1 = 6.3 yd3

Total fill = 63.0 ft3 + 6.3 ft3 = 69.3 yd3
Total cut and fill between stations 1 and 2 = 69.3 yd3
fill – 64.8 yd3 cut = 4.5 yd3 borrow 10

*note: no allowance made for expansion

11
Estimating End Area
Station 1:

Cut
Fill Ground line

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Estimating End Area
Station 1:
Fill Area = ∑Shapes

Cut
Fill Ground line

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Mass Diagram
 Series of lines that shows net accumulation
of cut or fill between any 2 stations
 Ordinate is the net accumulation of volume
from an arbitrary starting point
 First station is the starting point

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Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

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 Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

Volumecut = 100 ft (40 ft2 + 140 ft2) = 333.3 yd3 cut

54
Volumefill = 100 ft (20 ft2 + 0 ft2) = 37.0 yd3 fill
54

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 Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

Volumefill = adjusted for shrinkage = 37.0 yd * 1.25 = 46.3 yd3

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 Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

Total cut = 333.3 yd3 - 46.3 yd3 = 287.0 yd3

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 Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

Volumecut = 100 ft (140 ft2 + 160 ft2) = 555.6 yd3 cut

54
Volumefill = 100 ft (20 ft2 + 25 ft2) = 83.3 yd3 fill
54
Volumefill = adjusted for shrinkage = 83.3 yd * 1.25 = 104.2 yd3

Total cut 1 to 2 = 555.6 yd3 – 104.2 yd3 = 451.4 yd3 19

 Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

Total cut = 451.4 yd3 + 287 = 738.4 yd3

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 Calculate Mass Diagram Assuming Shrinkage = 25%

Final Station

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 Mass Diagram

1000

800
Net Cumulative Volume (C.Y.)

600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-200

-400
Station

Series1
22
 Mass Diagram

1000
Ne t Cu m u la tive V o lu m e (C.Y.)
800

600

400

Station 1:
200
net volume =
287 cy
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-200

-400
Station

Series1
23
 Mass Diagram

1000 Station 2:
net volume =
738 cy
800
Net Cumulative Volume (C.Y.)

600

400

200 Station 1:
net volume =
287.04 ft3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-200

-400
Station

Series1
24
 Mass Diagram

1000 Station 2:
net volume = Station 3:
738.43 ft3 net volume =
800 819 cy
Net Cumulative Volume (C.Y.)

600

400

200 Station 1:
net volume =
287.04 ft3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-200

-400
Station

Series1
25
Balance point:
balance of cut
and fill
A’ and D’
D’ and E’
N and M
Etc.

note: a horizontal
line defines
locations where net
accumulation
between these two
balance points is
zero 26
Locations of
balanced cut and fill
JK and ST
ST is 5 stations long
[16 + 20] – [11 + 20]

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 Special Terms
 Free haul distance (FHD)- distance earth is moved
without additional compensation
 Limit of Profitable Haul (LPH) - distance beyond
which it is more economical to borrow or waste than
to haul from the project
 Overhaul – volume of material (Y) moved X Stations
beyond Free haul, measured in sta–yd3 or sta-m3
 Borrow – material taken from outside of project
 Waste – excavated material not used in project

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Mass Diagram Development
1) Calculate LPH distance (LPH = FHD + (borrow$ ÷
overhaul$))
2) Place FHD and LPH distances in all large loops
3) Place other Balance lines to minimize cost of
movement
Theoretical; contractor may move dirt differently
4) Calculate borrow, waste, and overhaul in all loops
5) Identify stations where each of the above occur

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Mass Diagram Example
 FHD = 200 m
 LPH = 725 m

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 Between
Stations 0 + 00
and 0 + 132, cut
and fill equal
each other,
distance is less
than FHD of
200 m

Note: definitely
NOT to scale!

31
Source: Wright 1996
 Between Stations
0 + 132 and 0 + 907,
cut and fill equal
each other, but
distance is greater
than either FHD of
200 m or LPH of
725 m
Distance =
[0 + 907] – [0 +
132] = 775 m

Source: Wright, 1996 32

 Between Stations
0 + 179 and 0 + 379,
cut and fill equal
each other,
distance = FHD of
200 m
Treated as freehaul

Source: Wright, 1996 33

 Between Stations
0 + 142 and
0 + 867, cut and
fill equal each
other, distance =
LPH of 725 m

Source: Wright, 1996

34
Material between Stations 0 + 132 and 0 + 142
becomes waste and material between stations
0 + 867 and 0 +907 becomes borrow
Source: Wright, 1996
35
Between Stations 0 + 970 and 1 + 170,
cut and fill equal each other, distance =
FHD of 200 m

Source: Wright, 1996

36
Between Stations 0 + 960 and 1 + 250,
cut and fill equal each other, distance is
less than LPH of 725 m

Source: Wright, 1996

37
Project ends at Station 1 + 250, an
additional 1200 m3 of borrow is required

Source: Wright, 1996

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Volume Errors
 Use of Average End Area technique
leads to volume errors when cross-
sections taper between cut and fill
sections (prisms)

 Consider Prismoidal formula

39
Prismoidal Formula
 Volume = (A1+ 4Am + A2)/6 * L
 Where A1 and A2 are end areas at ends of
section
 Am = cross sectional area in middle of section,
and
 L = length from A1 to A2
 Am is based on linear measurements at the
middle

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Consider cone as a prism
 Radius = R, height = H
 End Area 1 = πR2
 End Area 2 = 0
 Radius at midpoint = R/2
 Volume =((π R2+4π(R/2)2+ 0)/ 6) * H
 = (π R2/3) * H

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