Matrix

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Order of a Matrix

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Matrices & Vectors

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Square Matrix

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Diagonal Matrix

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Identity Matrix

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Matrix Addition

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Matrix Addition

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Matrix Multiplication

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Matrix Multiplication

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Matrix Multiplication

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Transpose

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Transpose

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Determinant of a Matrix

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 Minor of the entry aij: The minor of an element aij of determinant
of a matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth
column in which the element aij lies.

a11 a12 L a1( j 1) a1( j 1) L a1 n

M M M
a( i 1)1 L a( i 1)( j 1) a( i 1)( j 1) L a( i 1) n
M ij  aij
a( i 1)1 L a( i 1)( j 1) a( i 1)( j 1) L a( i 1) n
M M M M
a n1 L an( j 1) an ( j 1) L ann

 Cofactor of a: ij
C ij  ( 1)i  j M ij

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 Ex:
 a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13 
A  a21 a22 a23  A  a21 a22 a23 
   
a31 a32 a33  a31 a32 a33 
a12 a13 a11 a13
 M 21  M 22 
a32 a33 a31 a33

 C21  ( 1) 21 M 21   M 21 C22  ( 1) 2 2 M 22  M 22

     L 
     L 
 Notes: Sign pattern for cofactors  
     L 
 
     L 
     L 
 
M M M M M  16
Ex: The determinant of a matrix of order 3
 a11 a12 a13 
A  a21 a22 a23 
 
a31 a32 a33 

 det( A)  a11C11  a12C12  a13C13

 a21C21  a22C22  a23C23
 a31C31  a32C32  a33C33
 a11C11  a21C21  a31C31
 a12 C12  a22C22  a32C32
 a13C13  a23C23  a33C33

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Ex: (The determinant of a matrix of order 3)
0 2 1 
A  3  1 2
4  4 1   det( A)  ?
Sol:
3 2
1 2
C12  ( 1)1 2  (3  8)  5
C11  ( 1)1 1 7 4 1
4 1
1 3 3 1
C13  ( 1)  12  4  8
4 4

 det( A)  a11C11  a12C12  a13C13

 (0)(7)  (2)(5)  (1)( 8)  2
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
Upper triangular matrix:
All the entries below the main diagonal are zeros.

Lower triangular matrix:
All the entries above the main diagonal are zeros.

Diagonal matrix:
All the entries above and below the main diagonal are zeros.

a11 a12 a13   a11 0 0  a11 0 0 

 0 a22 a23  a21 a22 0   0 a22 0 
0 0 a  a a a  0 0 a 
 33   31 32 33   33 

upper triangular lower triangular diagonal

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Determinant of a Triangular Matrix
If A is an n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular,
lower triangular, or diagonal), then its determinant is
the product of the entries on the main diagonal. That is
det( A) | A | a11a22 a33 L ann

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Ex: Find the determinants of the following triangular matrices.

 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0  0 3 0 0 0
 4 2 0 0 
(a) A    (b) B   0 0 2 0 0
 5 6 1 0  
1  0 0 0 4 0
 5 3 3  0 0 0 0  2
Sol:

(a) |A| = (2)(–2)(1)(3) = –12

(b) |B| = (–1)(3)(2)(4)(–2) = 48

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Conditions that yield a zero determinant
If A is a square matrix and any of the following conditions is
true, then det (A) = 0.

(a) An entire row (or an entire column) consists of zeros.

(b) Two rows (or two columns) are equal.
(c) One row (or column) is a multiple of another row (or
column).

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Properties of Determinants
1. The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and
columns are interchanged.

a1 a2 a3 a1 b1 c1
b1 b2 b3  a2 b2 c2
c1 c2 c3 a3 b3 c3

2. If two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the

sign of the determinant is changed.
a1 a2 a3 c1 c2 c3
  b1 b2 b3 ; 1  b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3 a1 a2 a3
1   
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Properties of Determinants Cont..
3. If each element of a row or a column of a determinant is multiplied
by a constant k, then its value gets multiplied by k.
a1 a2 a3 ka1 a2 a3
  b1 b2 b3 ; 1  kb1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3 kc1 c2 c3
1  k
n
In case of matrices kA  k A
4. If some or all the elements of a row (or column) of a determinant are
expresses as sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.

a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13

a21  b21 a22  b22 a23  b23  a21 a22 a23  b21 b22 b23
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33
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Adjoint and inverse of a matrix
 
The adjoint of a matrix A  a ij is defined as the transpose of the
 
matrix A ij , where A ij is the cofactors of the element a ij . Adjoint of
the matrix A is denoted by adj A.
A square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists a square matrix
B such that
AB  BA  I,
where I is the identity matrix. The matrix B is called the inverse of A
and vice versa. The inverse is denoted by A -1.
 AA 1  A1 A  I

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Determinant of an invertible matrix
A square matrix A is invertible (nonsingular) if and only if
det (A)  0

 Ex: (Classifying square matrices as singular or nonsingular)

0 2  1 0 2  1
A  3  2 1  B  3  2 1 
3 2  1 3 2 1 
Sol:
A 0  A has no inverse (it is singular).

B  12  0  B has inverse (it is nonsingular).

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Equivalent conditions for a nonsingular matrix:
matrix

If A is an n × n matrix, then the following statements are

equivalent.
(1) A is invertible.

(2) Ax = b has a unique solution for every n × 1 matrix b.

(3) Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution of zero column vector.

(4) A is row-equivalent to In

(5) A can be written as the product of elementary matrices.

(6) det (A)  0

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Note:
1. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

2. If A = [aij] is a non - singular matrix, then

-1 1
A   adj A
A

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Applications of Determinants

Matrix of cofactors of A:
 C11 C12 L C1n 
C C L C 
C ij  
   M M 21 22 2n 

M
  Note Cij  ( 1)i  j Mij
 C n1 C n 2 L C nn 


Adjoint matrix of A:
 C11 C 21 L C n1 
C C 22 L C n 2 
adj ( A)  Cij 
T
  12

 M M M
 
 C1 n C 2 n L C nn 

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 Ex:
 1 3 2 (a) Find the adjoint of A.
A   0  2 1 
 1 0  2 (b) Use the adjoint of A to A1
find
i j
Sol: Q C ij  ( 1) M ij
2 1 0 1 0 2
 C11    4, C12    1, C13   2
0 2 1 2 1 0
3 2 1 2 1 3
C21    6, C22    0, C23   3
0 2 1 2 1 0

3 2 1 2 1 3
C31    7, C 32    1, C33   2
2 1 0 1 0 2
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  cofactor matrix of A
 4 1 2
C ij    6 0 3 
 
 7 1 2 

inverse matrix of A adjoint matrix of A


 1
1
A  adj ( A) Q det  A   3
det  A 

4 6 7   43 2 7
3 
 13 1 0 1    13 0 1
   3

2 3 2  23 1 3
2



Check: AA1  I 31
Cramer’s Rule

a11 x1  a12 x2  L  a1n xn  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2  L  a2 n x n  b2
M
 x1   b1 
an1 x1  an 2 x2  L  ann x n  bn x  b 
A   aij  x   2 b   2
Ax  b n n
  A(1) , A(2) , L , A( n ) 
 M  M
   
 xn   bn 
a11 a12 L a1 n
a21 a22 L a2 n
det( A)   0 (this system has a unique
M M M
solution)
a n1 a n 2 L ann

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A j   A(1) , A( 2) , L , A( j 1) , b, A( j  1) , L , A( n ) 

 a11 L a1( j 1) b1 a1( j 1) L a1 n 

 
 a21 L a2( j 1) b2 a2( j 1) L a2 n 

M O M
 
 an1 L an( j 1) bn an( j 1) L ann 

( i.e., det( A j )  b1C1 j  b2C 2 j  L  bnC nj)

11
x A b adj ( A)  b
det  A 

det( A j )
 xj  , j  1, 2 , L , n
det( A)
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Cramer’s rule to solve the system of linear
equations
 x  2 y  3z  1
2x  z  0
3x  4 y  4 z  2
Sol: 1 2  3 1 2 3
det( A)  2 0 1  10 det( A1 )  0 0 1 8
3 4 4 2 4 4

1 1  3 1 2 1
det( A2 )  2 0 1  15, det( A3 )  2 0 0  16
3 2 4 3 4 2
det( A1 ) 4 det( A2 )  3 det( A3 )  8
x  y  z 
det( A) 5 det( A) 2 det( A) 5 34