R-PROGRAMMING FOR

DATA SCIENCE

DR.S.AMUTHA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
P.S.R ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SIVAKASI

Dr.S.AMUTHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , CSE

1
 DATA SCIENCE PROJECTS THAT USE R 
Several industries, such as banking, telecommunications, and media, use R for data science.
Following are some real-world examples of data visualization in r. 
1.T-mobile employs R to classify customer support texts in order to connect clients to an agent
appropriately. 
2.Twitter tweets can be analyzed for text using R. The twitterr package supports text analytics and
scraping of twitter data. 
3.Google analytics can be combined with R to perform statistical data analysis and build
meaningful data visualizations. This can be achieved by installing the rgoogleanalytics package. 
4.The financial times used R to create data visualizations purely using r and ggplot2 package for
their featured articles such as "is russia-saudi arabia the worst world cup game ever?" 
5.BBC uses data visualization in R to generate appealing graphics for its publications. BBC has
developed an R package based on the bbplot package and an R cookbook to standardize their data
visualization graphic creation process. 

Dr.S.AMUTHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , CSE DEPT,PSREC 2

 R FOR DATA SCIENCE

• R is open-source software. 
• R can be used for suitable projects for machine learning and deep
learning model building.  
• R has a huge capability as a statistical tool. 
• R is probably the best visualization tool for depicting insights through
different graphs and charts. 

Dr.S.AMUTHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , CSE DEPT,PSREC 3

 ADVANTAGES OF R
• R is an open-source software platform that helps create interactive graphs
and provides great visual alternatives, making it even more user-friendly. 
• R has a big development community, various developer forums, and a very
friendly community of r enthusiasts. 
• R offers the interface from github as well as an enormous catalog for use in data
analysis and data mining. 
• There are many powerful r libraries for data science. For example, the R package
shiny allows developers to build interactive web applications directly using R. 
• Rmarkdown allows r to support various dynamic and static output formats such as
html, ms word, and pdf. 

Dr.S.AMUTHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , CSE DEPT,PSREC 4

 DISADVANTAGES OF R

• R has a steep learning curve as the R syntax is quite different and hence,
slightly challenging to learn compared to python. 
• R does not offer basic security measures which are essential for production-
grade web applications. 
• The performance of r is slower than python or matlab, and it does perform
memory management i.e., R requires a lot of memory. 

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 SESSION CONTENT
• ADVANCED DATA HANDLING
• RESHAPING DATA
• APPENDING FRAMES
• MERGING DATA FRAMES
• RESHAPING DATA FRAMES
• TABULAR DATA
• WORKING WITH DATES

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 ADVANCED DATA HANDLING

• SENTIMENT ANALYSIS.
• UBER DATA ANALYSIS.
• MOVIE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM.
• CREDIT CARD FRAUD DETECTION.
• WINE QUALITY PREDICTION.
• CUSTOMER SEGMENTATION.
• SPEECH EMOTION RECOGNITION.
• PRODUCT BUNDLE IDENTIFICATION.
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 RESHAPING DATA

•  R - SPLIT, MERGE AND RESHAPE THE DATA FRAME USING

VARIOUS FUNCTIONS.
• TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
• JOINING ROWS AND COLUMNS
• MERGING OF DATA FRAMES
• MELTING AND CASTING

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 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

• T() FUNCTION
• TAKES A MATRIX OR DATA FRAME AS AN INPUT AND GIVES
THE TRANSPOSE OF THAT MATRIX OR DATA FRAME AS IT’S
OUTPUT.
• SYNTAX:
T(MATRIX/ DATA FRAME)

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 R PROGRAM TO FIND THE
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
 
FIRST <- MATRIX(C(1:12), NROW=4, BYROW=TRUE)
PRINT("ORIGINAL MATRIX")
FIRST
 
FIRST <- T(FIRST)
PRINT("TRANSPOSE OF THE MATRIX")
FIRST
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 OUTPUT

• [1] "ORIGINAL MATRIX"

[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 2 3
[2,] 4 5 6
[3,] 7 8 9
[4,] 10 11 12

[1] "TRANSPOSE OF THE MATRIX"

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 4 7 10
[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12

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 APPENDING FRAMES

• JOINING ROWS AND COLUMNS IN DATA FRAME

• IN R, WE CAN JOIN TWO VECTORS OR MERGE TWO DATA
FRAMES USING FUNCTIONS. THERE ARE BASICALLY TWO
FUNCTIONS THAT PERFORM THESE TASKS:
• CBIND():
• WE CAN COMBINE VECTORS, MATRIX OR DATA FRAMES BY
COLUMNS USING CBIND() FUNCTION.

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• SYNTAX: CBIND(X1, X2, X3)
• WHERE X1, X2 AND X3 CAN BE VECTORS OR MATRICES OR
DATA FRAMES. 

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 RBIND

RBIND():
• WE CAN COMBINE VECTORS, MATRIX OR DATA FRAMES BY
ROWS USING RBIND() FUNCTION.
• SYNTAX: RBIND(X1, X2, X3)
• WHERE X1, X2 AND X3 CAN BE VECTORS OR MATRICES OR
DATA FRAMES.

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 # CBIND AND RBIND FUNCTION IN
R
NAME <- C("SHAONI", "ESHA", "SOUMITRA", "SOUMI")
AGE <- C(24, 53, 62, 29)
ADDRESS <- C("PUDUCHERRY", "KOLKATA", "DELHI", "BANGALORE")

# CBIND FUNCTION
INFO <- CBIND(NAME, AGE, ADDRESS)
PRINT("COMBINING VECTORS INTO DATA FRAME USING CBIND ")
PRINT(INFO)

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 # CREATING NEW DATA FRAME

NEWD <- DATA.FRAME(NAME=C("SOUNAK", "BHABANI"),

AGE=C("28", "87"),
ADDRESS=C("BANGALORE", "KOLKATA"))

# RBIND FUNCTION
NEW.INFO <- RBIND(INFO, NEWD)
PRINT("COMBINING DATA FRAMES USING RBIND ")
PRINT(NEW.INFO)
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 OUTPUT
[1] "COMBINING VECTORS INTO DATA FRAME USING
CBIND "
NAME AGE ADDRESS
[1,] "SHAONI" "24" "PUDUCHERRY"
[2,] "ESHA" "53" "KOLKATA"
[3,] "SOUMITRA" "62" "DELHI"
[4,] "SOUMI" "29" "BANGALORE"

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 OUTPUT RBIND

• [1] "COMBINING DATA FRAMES USING RBIND "

• NAME AGE ADDRESS

1 SHAONI 24 PUDUCHERRY
2 ESHA 53 KOLKATA
3 SOUMITRA 62 DELHI
4 SOUMI 29 BANGALORE
5 SOUNAK 28 BANGALORE
6 BHABANI 87 KOLKATA
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 MERGING TWO DATA FRAMES

• In R, we can merge two data frames using the merge() function

provided both the data frames should have the same column names. We
may merge the two data frames based on a key value.

• Syntax: merge(dfa, dfb, …)

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 MERGING DATA FRAMES

# merging two data frames in r

d1 <- data.frame(name=c("shaoni", "soumi", "arjun"),
id=c("111", "112", "113"))

d2 <- data.frame(name=c("sounak", "esha"),

id=c("114", "115"))

total <- merge(d1, d2, all=true)

print(total)

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 OUTPUT

NAME ID
1 ARJUN 113
2 SHAONI 111
3 SOUMI 112
4 ESHA 115
5 SOUNAK 114

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 RESHAPING DATA FRAMES

• DATA RESHAPING INVOLVES MANY STEPS IN ORDER TO

OBTAIN DESIRED OR REQUIRED FORMAT.
• ONE OF THE POPULAR METHODS IS MELTING THE DATA
WHICH CONVERTS EACH ROW INTO A UNIQUE ID-VARIABLE
COMBINATION AND THEN CASTING IT.
• THE TWO FUNCTIONS USED FOR THIS PROCESS:

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 MELTING

• MELT():
•  IT IS USED TO CONVERT A DATA FRAME INTO A MOLTEN DATA FRAME.
• SYNTAX: MELT(DATA, …, NA.RM=FALSE, VALUE.NAME=”VALUE”)
• WHERE, 
• DATA: DATA TO BE MELTED 
… : ARGUMENTS 
NA.RM: CONVERTS EXPLICIT MISSINGS INTO IMPLICIT MISSINGS 
VALUE.NAME: STORING VALUES

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 CASTING

• DCAST(): 
• IT IS USED TO AGGREGATE THE MOLTEN DATA FRAME INTO A
NEW FORM.
• SYNTAX: MELT(DATA, FORMULA, FUN.AGGREGATE)
• WHERE, 
• DATA: DATA TO BE MELTED 
FORMULA: FORMULA THAT DEFINES HOW TO CAST 
FUN.AGGREGATE: USED IF THERE IS A DATA AGGREGATION
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 # MELT AND CAST
library(mass)
library(reshape)
a <- data.frame(id=c("1", "1", "2", "2"),points=c("1", "2", "1", "2"),
x1=c("5", "3", "6", "2"), x2=c("6", "5", "1", "4"))
print("melting")
m <- melt(a, id=c("id", "point"))
print(m)
print("casting")
idmn <- dcast(a, id~variable, mean)
print(idmn)

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 MELTING

• MELTING
ID POINTS VARIABLE VALUE
1 1 X1 5
1 2 X1 3
2 1 X1 6
2 2 X1 2
3 1 X2 6
1 2 X2 5
2 1 X2 1
2 2 X2 4

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 CASTING

• CASTING
ID X1 X2
1 4 5.5
2 4 2.5

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 TABULAR DATA

• LOADING TABULAR DATA

• INSPECTING DATA.FRAME OBJECTS
• INDEXING AND SUBSETTING DATA FRAMES
• CATEGORICAL DATA: FACTORS
• CONVERTING FACTORS
• RENAMING FACTORS

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 R FUNCTION

• download.file() to download the csv file that contains the traffic stop
data
download.file("http://bit.ly/ms_trafficstops_bw",
"data/ms_trafficstops_bw.csv")
• read.csv() to load into memory the content of the csv file as an object of
class data.frame.
trafficstops <- read.csv("data/ms_trafficstops_bw.csv")

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 DISPLAY THE FIRST 6 LINES

• check the top (the first 6 lines) of this data frame using the
function head():
head(trafficstops)

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 INSPECTING DATA.FRAME OBJECT
S
•  INSPECTING THE STRUCTURE OF A DATA FRAME WITH THE
FUNCTION STR():
STR(TRAFFICSTOPS)
THE FUNCTIONS HEAD() AND STR() CAN BE USEFUL TO CHECK
THE CONTENT AND THE STRUCTURE OF A DATA FRAME

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NON--EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF FUNCTIONS TO
GET A SENSE OF THE CONTENT/STRUCTURE
OF THE DATA.

• size:
• dim(trafficstops) - returns a vector with the number of rows in the first element,
and the number of columns as the second element (the dimensions of the
object)
• nrow(trafficstops) - returns the number of rows
• ncol(trafficstops) - returns the number of columns
• length(trafficstops) - returns number of columns

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• content:
• head(trafficstops) - shows the first 6 rows
• tail(trafficstops) - shows the last 6 rows

• names:
• names(trafficstops) - returns the column names (synonym
of colnames() for data.frame objects)
• rownames(trafficstops) - returns the row names

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• summary:
• str(trafficstops) - structure of the object and information about the class,
length and content of each column
• summary(trafficstops) - summary statistics for each column

• most of functions are generic

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SPECIFYING THESE COORDINATES
LEAD TO RESULTS WITH
DIFFERENT CLASSES
• trafficstops[1, 1] # first element in the first column of the data frame (as
a vector)
• trafficstops[1, 6] # first element in the 6th column (as a vector)
• trafficstops[, 1] # first column in the data frame (as a vector)

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• trafficstops[1] # first column in the data frame (as a data.frame)
• trafficstops[1:3, 7] # first three elements in the 7th column (as a vector)

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• trafficstops[3, ] # the 3rd row (as a data.frame)
• trafficstops[1:6, ] # the 1st to 6th rows, equivalent to head(trafficstops)
• trafficstops[, -1] # the whole data frame, excluding the first column
• trafficstops[-c(7:211211),] # equivalent to head(trafficstops)

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 DATA.FRAME (OR MATRIX),
COLUMNS CAN BE CALLED BY
• NAME
TRAFFICSTOPS["VIOLATION_RAW"] # RESULT IS A DATA.FRAME
• TRAFFICSTOPS[, "VIOLATION_RAW"] # RESULT IS A VECTOR
• TRAFFICSTOPS[["VIOLATION_RAW"]] # RESULT IS A VECTOR
• TRAFFICSTOPS$VIOLATION_RAW # RESULT IS A VECTOR

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 CONDITIONAL SUBSETTING

• to extract a subset of a data frame based on certain conditions.

• # the condition: # returns a logical vector of the length of the column
• trafficstops$county_name == "webster county" # use this vector to extract
rows and all columns # note the comma: we want *all* columns
• trafficstops[trafficstops$county_name == "webster county", ] # assign
extract to a new data frame
• webster_trafficstops <- trafficstops[trafficstops$county_name == "webster
county", ]
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 CATEGORICAL DATA: FACTORS

• FACTORS ARE USED TO REPRESENT CATEGORICAL DATA.

FACTORS CAN BE ORDERED OR UNORDERED, AND
UNDERSTANDING THEM IS NECESSARY FOR STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS AND FOR PLOTTING.
• FACTORS ARE STORED AS INTEGERS, AND HAVE LABELS
(TEXT) ASSOCIATED WITH THESE UNIQUE INTEGERS.
• WHILE FACTORS LOOK (AND OFTEN BEHAVE) LIKE
CHARACTER VECTORS

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• once created, factors can only contain a pre-defined set of values,
known as levels. by default, r always sorts levels in alphabetical order.
for instance, if you have a factor with 2 levels:
• party <- factor(c("republican", "democrat", "democrat", "republican"))

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R will assign 1 to the level "democrat" and 
2 to the level "republican" 
(because d comes before r, even though the first element in this
vector is "republican").

check this by using the function levels(), and check the number of

levels using nlevels():
levels(party)
nlevels(party)

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 CONVERTING FACTORS

convert a factor to a character vector, you use as.character(x)

• as.character(party)
• as.factor(party)

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 RENAMING FACTORS

• When your data is stored as a factor, you can use the plot() function to

get a quick glance at the number of observations represented by each
factor level. let’s look at the number of blacks and whites in the dataset:

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• # coerce the column "driver_race" into a factor
• trafficstops$driver_race <- factor(trafficstops$driver_race) # bar plot
of the number of black and white drivers stopped:
• trafficstops$driver_race <- as.factor(trafficstops$driver_race)
plot(trafficstops$driver_race)

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 WORKING WITH DATES

• THE AS.DATE() FUNCTION

• THIS FUNCTION ALLOWS US TO CREATE A DATE VALUE
(WITHOUT TIME) IN R PROGRAMMING. IT ALLOWS THE
VARIOUS INPUT FORMATS OF THE DATE VALUE AS WELL
THROUGH THE FORMAT = ARGUMENT.

• STANDARD DATE FORMAT AS “YYYY-MM-DD”

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 AS.DATE() FUNCTION

• date value as an argument.

• to give a date value as an input

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EXAMPLE 2 : AS.DATE() FUNCTION

• INPUT IS NOT IN PROPER FORMAT

1. TO ARRANGE THE DATE VALUES IN A STANDARD FORM AND
PRESENT IT .
• %D -  MEANS A DAY OF THE MONTH IN NUMBER FORMAT
• %M - STANDS FOR THE MONTH IN NUMBER FORMAT
• %Y - STANDS FOR THE YEAR IN THE “YYYY” FORMAT. YEAR
VALUE IN TWO DIGITS
• “%Y” INSTEAD OF “%Y.” 
Dr.S.AMUTHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , CSE DEPT,PSREC 48
• month name instead of month number under the input value, we can
use the %b operator under the format = argument while using the
as.date() function.

Dr.S.AMUTHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , CSE DEPT,PSREC 49

 USING THE SYS.DATE(), SYS.TIME()
FUNCTION
IN R PROGRAMMING
1. SYS.DATE() FUNCTION, IT WILL GIVE YOU THE SYSTEM DATE.
YOU DON’T NEED TO ADD AN ARGUMENT INSIDE THE
PARENTHESES TO THIS FUNCTION.
2. SYS.TIMEZONE() THAT ALLOWS US TO GET THE TIMEZONE
BASED ON THE LOCATION AT WHICH THE USER IS RUNNING
THE CODE ON THE SYSTEM.
3. SYS.TIME() FUNCTION. WHICH, IF USED, WILL RETURN THE
CURRENT DATE AS WELL AS THE TIME OF THE SYSTEM WITH
THE TIMEZONE DETAILS.

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 USING THE LUBRIDATE
PACKAGE
• now() that can give us the current date, current time, and the current
timezone details in a single call 
• install the package “lubridate.”
• install.packages(“lubridate”)

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EXTRACTION AND MANIPULATION
OF THE PARTS OF THE DATE

• THE “LUBRIDATE” PACKAGE WORK, IT BECOMES EASIER TO USE

IT FOR EXTRACTION AND MANIPULATION OF SOME PARTS OF
THE DATE VALUE. 
• THERE ARE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS UNDER THE PACKAGE THAT
ALLOW US TO EITHER EXTRACT THE YEAR, MONTH, WEEK, ETC.
FROM THE DATE.

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EXAMPLE CODE FOR EXTRACTION
OF DIFFERENT DATE COMPONENTS

• Create a date variable named “x,” which contains three different date values.
• The year() function allows us to extract the year values for each element of
the vector.
• The month() function takes a single date value or a vector that contains dates
as element and extracts the month from those as numbers.
• What if we wanted the abbreviated names for each month from dates? we
have to add the “label = true” argument under the month() function and
could see the month names in abbreviated form. 

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• if we use the “abbr = false” argument under the month function along
with the “label = true,” we will get the full month names.
• to extract the days from the given date values, you can use
the mday() function. you will get the days as numbers.
• the wday() function allows us to get the weekdays in numbers by
default. however, when we use the “label = true” and “abbr =
false” as additional arguments under the function, we will come to
know which day of the given date has which weekday value.

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 EXAMPLE CODE WITH OUTPUT
FOR DATES MANIPULATION IN R
• we are using ymd() function on the given vector. this function converts
the date values from the vector into a format that is suitable for the
manipulation.
• we can add or subtract the year values from each element of the vector.
it is similar to adding or subtracting components from a numeric vector.
the function we have used here is years().

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• in the same way, we can use months() to add or subtract the month
values to each vector element.
• we can use the mday() function to update the days for each date from
the given vector.
• the update() function is a combination of these all. this function allows
you to add, years, months, and even days to each element of the given
vector.

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 REFERENCES

• HTTPS://BOOKDOWN.ORG/TARAGONMD/PHDS/WORKING-WI
TH-LISTS.HTML

• R PROGRMMING FOR DATA SCIENCE BY ROGER D.

PENG

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 MOVIE RECOMMENDATION
SYSTEM

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 MOVIE RECOMMENDATION
SYSTEM

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