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    Epidemiology

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    Rheimon Jay Abuan Balcita
    Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and are distributed within human populations. It examines who gets sick or injured, and why. The goal is to identify risk factors and implement strategies to prevent or control health problems. Some key points covered in the document include: - Epidemiology originally focused on infectious diseases but now also studies chronic diseases and injuries. - It describes disease occurrence and identifies causes, risk factors, and ways to avoid illness. - Disease distribution and determinants refer to who is affected and what influences health. - Risk factors can be modifiable through behavior changes or non-modifiable like age or genetics. - Specialties include chronic disease, behavioral, environmental, and infectious disease

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    Epidemiology

    Uploaded by

    Rheimon Jay Abuan Balcita
    52 views17 pages
    Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and are distributed within human populations. It examines who gets sick or injured, and why. The goal is to identify risk factors and implement strategies to prevent or control health problems. Some key points covered in the document include: - Epidemiology originally focused on infectious diseases but now also studies chronic diseases and injuries. - It describes disease occurrence and identifies causes, risk factors, and ways to avoid illness. - Disease distribution and determinants refer to who is affected and what influences health. - Risk factors can be modifiable through behavior changes or non-modifiable like age or genetics. - Specialties include chronic disease, behavioral, environmental, and infectious disease

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    Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and are distributed within human populations. It examines who gets sick or injured, and why. The goal is to identify risk factors and implement strategies to prevent or control health problems. Some key points covered in the document include: - Epidemiology originally focused on infectious diseases but now also studies chronic diseases and injuries. - It describes disease occurrence and identifies causes, risk factors, and ways to avoid illness. - Disease distribution and determinants refer to who is affected and what influences health. - Risk factors can be modifiable through behavior changes or non-modifiable like age or genetics. - Specialties include chronic disease, behavioral, environmental, and infectious disease

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    52 views17 pages

    Epidemiology

    Uploaded by

    Rheimon Jay Abuan Balcita
    Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and are distributed within human populations. It examines who gets sick or injured, and why. The goal is to identify risk factors and implement strategies to prevent or control health problems. Some key points covered in the document include: - Epidemiology originally focused on infectious diseases but now also studies chronic diseases and injuries. - It describes disease occurrence and identifies causes, risk factors, and ways to avoid illness. - Disease distribution and determinants refer to who is affected and what influences health. - Risk factors can be modifiable through behavior changes or non-modifiable like age or genetics. - Specialties include chronic disease, behavioral, environmental, and infectious disease

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Epidemiology

    Epidemiology
    • is the study of a scientific method of problem solving how
    people get sick and die, who gets sick and dies, and how to
    avoid getting sick.
    • epi = among, demos= people, logos = study or studies
    conducted among human populations.
    • originally focused on the study of infectious disease.
    • the study of the distribution (who has the problem) and
    determinants (things that influence the problem) of health-
    related conditions in human populations and the application of
    this method to the control of health problems
    • distribution: refers to time, place, and
    types of persons affected by a particular
    disease or condition (demographics)

    • determinants: physical, psychological,


    social, cultural, and behaviors that
    influence health
    Uses of Epidemiology
    • to describe disease occurrence, to identify the causes of disease,
    and to find factors that increase a person's risk of disease.
    • describe the extent of disease in a population and the natural
    history (the course of a disease if left untreated) and characteristics
    of a disease, as well as to evaluate preventive measures and guide
    policy decisions.
    • Epidemiologic methods can also establish risk factors
    (characteristics associated with disease development). Some risk
    factors are non-modifiable (such as age or sex), whereas others are
    modifiable (such as quitting to smoke).
    • epidemic is an unexpected increase in the number
    of disease cases in a specific geographical area
    • pandemic is when a disease’s growth is
    exponential. It covers a wide area, affecting several
    countries and populations.
    • endemic is when it is consistently present but
    limited to a particular region.
    • Outbreak is a sudden or violent increase in activity
    or currency
    • Non-modifiable risk factors: those risk factors
    that cannot be changed or eradicated

    • Modifiable risk factors: those risk factors that


    can be changed or eradicated with lifestyle
    changes
    Epidemiology Specialties
    • Chronic disease- Studies the occurrence and risk factors for
    disease such as cancer, hear disease, and diabetes that are
    slow to develop but span many years
    • Behavioral- Studies lifestyle factors that may be associated
    with disease status examples include smoking, lack of
    physical activity, poor diet
    • Environmental- Studies the effect of the environment on
    human health; can subspecialize in water quality, air
    pollution, chemical exposures, radiation, and others
    • Forensic - Studies the joint integration of law
    enforcement functions and public health in criminal
    contexts (e.g, bioterrorism)
    • Genetic - Studies the role of genetics in disease
    development; can include infectious or chronic
    diseases
    • Infectious disease- Studies diseases that are acute and
    contagious, can include long-lasting diseases that are
    transmissible
    • Injury- Studies the distribution and risk factors for
    injuries, either accidental or intentional
    • Perinatal- Studies health problems of newborns
    • Reproductive health- Studies normal reproductive
    processes and problems that can occur including
    infertility, birth defects, and low birth weight
    • Social epidemiology- Studies the effect of community
    socioeconomic factors on health
    • Violence- Studies the effect of violence on health
    Disease Causation
    time
    Agent
    • Key component of the triangle
    • referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen:
    a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe.
    However, presence of that agent alone is not always
    sufficient to cause disease. A variety of factors
    influence whether exposure to an organism will result
    in disease, including the organism's pathogenicity
    (ability to cause disease) and dose.
    Host
    • refers to the human who can get the disease. A variety of
    factors intrinsic to the host, sometimes called risk factors,
    can influence an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or
    response to a causative agent. Opportunities for exposure
    are often influenced by behavior such as sexual practices,
    hygiene, and other personal choices as well as by age and
    sex. Susceptibility and response to an agent are influenced
    by factors such as genetic composition, nutritional and
    immunologic status, anatomic structure, presence of
    disease or medications, and psychological makeup.
    Environment
    • refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent
    and the opportunity for exposure.
    • include physical factors such as geology and
    climate, biology such as insects that transmit the
    agent, and socioeconomic factors such as
    crowding, sanitation and the availability of
    health services
    Chain of Infection
    References
    • Biostatistics and Epidemiology by Bush et.al
    • Introduction to Biostatistics and Epidemiology by Bien Eli Nillos

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